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Lutheran Church History - GeneralLutheran Church History Compiled Information from the Collection of the Martin-Wall History Room of the Davie County Public Library Mocksville, North Carolina 7 <fc d > r A r* Ob X / CJ Table of Contents A History of the Lutheran Church in Davie County 4-5 Index to History of the German Settlements and of the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina by G. D. Bemheim (1872) 7-33 Foundations of Lutheranism in North Carolina 35 - 77 The North Carolina Synod Through 175 Years 1803-1978 79- 112 Davie County Public Library Mocksville, North Carolina A History of the Lutheran Church in Davie County Pages 4-5 2 X h* ..I 7~ ■d. o r vr> Davie County Public Library X Mocksville, North Carolina d CJ • ^'- .., y } , ; n / -, '( Q) d V D U K-- . ■;:■.• • V !•• , • V\'-rv'.s.'!.- S i." Yi' ■ t-.\ 0';! -.Y" i: ;■•' -•■ 'i • .■ J" •-•• i'! - A HljgrOBY ^ :!KjB' ICTgRM-IN PAYIE.COUIjTr ^;;; / i j ; "Yi.Y.Y -/■ ■'•■ \ i:" " )f, H^anlJby t]ia:Ma?i7O0K'butdiMiihVH' Orean'l'ZAfl v'-' ra i'fc'ji^n rrfe4 fimn ^ I", v .... • r; It,' Of: ;.e^JyT:bQptljaiafliVfe:c»nMidite^ if i ; '"Vr". to lot ■ was SatturSd ; In/tliia'^'J'Ai'uanTflm- Davie County Public Library Mocksvillei NC H 2: cL kit X J- 5 o f w> X o <J /' - '-' v.-r'Vjv; /'.' .y; L > > ' lb OUt.jr tnvpvliiiiri a Van ^ n ;.of n Jxiud Qbouif V •H.ori''-1'■ - '■ ■ • ' 3^in.sattlaraetfti:^'™iiielitrtas& l^ated David was Arevi' :-i 'Ph.^?=i^ petitiqn:vf rori ts SRisr.insTOHiiA^^sSS '[aj-Hfls Ei'n' ii Tr-TOv- 8^^&Ste^Bs38«Riltoeai6i'-W?- ■' 'JavieCoutiy^^''^. - MocksviHe, NG_ 5 Index to History of the German Settlements and of the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina by G. D. Bernheim (1872) Pages 7-33 2 £ C^ X r y d o r Davie County Public Library X Mocksville, North Carolina d X• •xJ i> INDEX TO HISTORY OF THE GERMAN SETTLEMENTS AND OF THE LUTHERAN CHURCH IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA BY G. D. BERNHEIM (1872) n •»«, ..... ;;; E^ ciarr ::: . TYPED BY Gaynelle L. Watkins — <i> 'T ^ "•. N(. » ^.1. ^ PREPARED FOR ROWAN PUBLIC LIBRARY SALISBURY, NORTH CAROLINA I SL 1978 o DAVIE CO. PUBUC UBRAWfWOCKSVILLE, NS HISTORY OF THE GERMAN SETTLEMENTS AND OF THE LUTHERAN CHURCH IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA 1 cL iU r 4- « 5 yj I- o v> lai X. O ci X c? Abbeville, S. 0.-165,166,167, 179,304,309,364 Abbot's Creek, N. 0.-317,321, 358,366,367,374,375 ABERNATHY Jonas-439 Abingdon, Virginia-380 Alabama-394,491,515,516,524, 525,526,553 Alapiance Co., N. 0.-148,377, 527 Albemarle Sound-50,183 ALDRICH N.-522 ALLBRIGHT John-452 Alleghany Mountains-151,171,267, 380,592 ALLEMONG H.-452 Alpine-182 Alsace-34 Altona-287 Amelia Township, S. 0.-105,106, 208,224,225,226,227,238,306,476 American Bible Society-520 American Luthern Church-35,126 Amesterdam Holland-65,287 Anabaptists-197 Anne, Queen of England-37,44,68, 70,77,79,82,127,128,129,148 % Anson County, N. C.-170,171,344 ANTHONY J. 8.-141,538,540 Appalachian Mountains-51,129 Appii Forum Church-237,307,310 ARNDT Godfried-243,245,260,261 ,277, 281,283,322,358,369 Jonathan Godfried-339,374 AREY Benjamin-520,527 Arkansas-470 ARTZ Wi11i am-484,485,518,519,535 ASHE John-61,62 Ashley River, S. 0.-51,56,57,174 "Atlantic, Tennesse and Ohio Rail road"-410 AUDUBON J. J.-404,529 Aubsburg, Austria-35,47,48,145, 324 Augsburg Confession-428,433,434, 468,486 Augusta, Georgia-169,523 Augusta, Virginia-383 AULL Herman-522,546,547 AUSTIN 0. 0.-548,554 Austria-31,35,36,39,40,41,145, OAV»£ CO. PUBLIC library IVIOCKSVILLE, N® Austria-! 56,177,324 Bear Creek Ch., N. C.-402 2 <s: d ui X f <£& <0 J- vr> r BACHf-lAN John VI-221,222,224,412,415, 416,420,425,431,447,448, 463--468,490,492,494,496 Bacon's bridge-174 Baden, 6ermany-67,126,137 BADGER family-81 BAILEY James H.-553 Baltimore, Maryland-314,326, 328,418,436,438 BAMBERG John George-299,301,302,303, 304,359,361,362,385 BANCROFT (John)-35,36 BANSEMER C. F.-545,553 Baptists-365,388,389,478 BARNWELL—76 Barnwell County-168,170,177, 310,361,362,412,498,523,477 BARRIER family-149 BARRINGER John Paul-247,248,249 Paul-335,336,462 Paul Sr.-335 family-14'9,253 BAST Jacob-335 Bath, N. C.-73 BAUMAN J.-532 Bavaria-40,42,67,344 BEARD John Sr.-452,453 John Jr.-452 John Lewis-239,240,241 242,413,449 Lewis-313 family-149 Beattie's Ford Road-546 Beauford Co., S. C.-88 BEAVER family-149 BECHER F.-533 BECHMAN Adolph-424 BEDELL G. T.-458,460 BEDENBAUGH Levi-515,523,528 S. W.-554 Bedford Co., Tenn.-473 BEEKMAN family-243 BEHLING L. F.-532 BELL Joseph E.-430,433,434 BERGER family-149 BERGHOCH Philip-300 BERGMAN Christopher-465—469,503 John E.-465,503 BERKELEY William-50,51,52,523 Berks County, Pa.-149,150 DAVIE CO. PUBUC LIBRARY^ MOCKSVILLE, NO €L X r- --J T- cL C V \r> X i u> X O if % <J BERLY Winiain-515,523,546,547 Berne, Switzerland-69,136 BERNHARDT Christian Eberhard-3n, 322,340,345,346,348, 362,364,373,375,411,523 Christopher-339,358 David-312,523 BERNHEIM G. 0.-540,554 BEST—61 Beth-Eden Church-547,548 Bethabara, N. 0.-157,158,159 Bethany Church-310,307,234 Bethel Church, N. 0.-301,363,233 Bethel Church, S. 3.-307,377,402 Bethlehem Church, S. 0.-234,302, 307,397 Bethlehem, Pa.-155,156,157,158, 159 BETZ Andreas-241 BEUTHAHN—262 BIBER family-149 Bibles-150,153,154 BIEMAN John Jacob-126 BINNICHER M. Carl-301 ,304 Blessing (ship)-57 Blount County, Tenn.-395 Blountsville, Tenn.-380 Blue Church, S. C.-406 Blue Ridge, Mountains-152, 157 Blue Spring Church, Tenn.- 514 BOOKMAN Samuel-377 BOGER George-403 Boque-Chitto Creek, Ala.- 515 Bohemia, Germany-41 BOHLER—157 BOLLES Edwin A.-515,520 BOLZIUS-83,85,87,96,105, 109,120,140,144,147,193, 194,231,264,265 BONHAM Nehemiah-486,487 BOON Governor-164 BOSTIANS family-149 Boston, Mass.-338 Botetourta Co., Va.-383 BOUKNIGHT 3.-524,547 BOURBON family-39,41 BRAIY John-241 BRANDENBURG—497 BREIDELL Jacob-211 DAVIE CO. PUBLJC LIBRARY MOCKSVILLE, NC \0 % <L c* ia X >- 5 o h- Xp xn u> X O d j: c) Bremen, Germany-287,313,316, 361,530,542 Bristol College, Pa.-522 Broad River, S. 0.-44,146,171, 210,233,381,477 BROWN Captai n-133,134,136 Abel J.-525 George H.-547,548,553 James-453 Joseph-534 Michael-24 Moses-453 Moses L.-518 Nathan-453 Brownsboro, County-395 Broxton's Ford-388 BRUNER M.-452 BRUNS P. 0.-258,284,326 Brunswick, Ducky of-258,282, 312,324 BUCH Leonard B.-300 BUCHMAN Jacob-300 Buffalo Creek, N. 0.-314,327,377 Buffalo Creek, Church-246,314, 348,367 BUGNION Joseph-96,97 Buler's Church-391 BULL William-115 BURGMANN Gustavus-218 Burke County, N. C.-369 BYRD Colonel-55 Cabarrus County, N.C.-148, 242,246,266,280,338,339, 362,367,374,399,-403,404, 409,413,455,472,483,536, 551,552 CALDCLEUGH Alexander-462 CALDWELL David-192,341 CALHOWN Captain-165 Camden, S. 0.-247,320 CAMERON Duncan-458,460,461 ,462 Candlesticks-211 Cape Fear River, N. C.-50, 69,82 CAREY—-72 CARR Sir Robert-57 Carroll Countries, Georgia- 487 Carroll Collection-101,146 CARTERET Lord-151 CARUTHERS E. W.-192,259,262,341 CASNER Jacob-514 Catawba County, N. C.-148, 546 Catawba Indians-158 Catawba River-152,156,246, 261,348 DAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRARr MOCKSVILLE, NC 2 <£ d X 5 o ft" */> V) uft :c o cL X tj Cattle's Creek-306,307 CAUGHMAN E.-554 S. E.-538 CAULIER George-532 Cedar Creek-168>236,307 Cedar Creek Church-23 Cemeteri es-123,232,240 Charleston, South Carolina- 44.51,56,57,61 ,81—91 ,94, 96,109,114,116,122,130,138, 147,159,164,169,170.171,174, 178,193,194,196,197,203,205— 212,215—220,222,224,227,228, 233,235,236,238,265,272,278, 281,286,287,314,317—320,327, 328,334,349,361,373,383,399, 403,446,447,500,508,544,554, 554 Charleston College-501 Charleston Lutheran Church-205— 213,215—224,227,238,309 See also: St. John's, Charleston Charleston Presbytery-118 Charlestown, Massachusetts-337 Charlotte, N. C.-410,522 Charlotte-Church on Slippery Creek-365 Cherokee Indians-100,145,158, 231 Chester, South Carolina-478 Chesterfield-170,478 Chicago, Illinois-554 CHIFFELLE Henry-97 CHISOLM Mariana (Mrs.)-503,509 Chowan River-74 Christ Churches, N. C.-401 CHRISTMAN J.-371 Church Field-232 Church of England, See: Episcopal Church CILLEY—228,229,238 CLAGETT—96 Clarendon River, N. C.-50 Clarksburg, Ohio-389 Classical Academy-509,511 CLINE John P.-484 family-149 Cloud's Creek, S. C.-528 COFFNRAN—552 See: CAUGHMAN Cogdell, S. C.-81 Cold Water Church, N. C.- 346,399,404,405,406 COLEMAN family-149 COLIGNI Admiral-33 "Collecting Historical Facts"- 83,98 Cologne, Germany-40,42 Columbia, S. C.-303,497,500, 520,553 COLUMBUS Christopher-52 DAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRAS^ MOCKSVILLE, NC cL Ul S V I y d r* \ it* X X o Concord, N. 0.-404,405,406, 545,551 Concordia Synod-535 Congaree River and Settlement, S. 0.-44,46,68,84,88,138,142, 146,147,206,232,303,309 Constitution of the Corpus Evangelicum-291 COREL—386,388 Core Indians-75,184 Corinth Church, S. C.-546 Court of St. James-47 Cove Creek, Tenn.-381,395,443 Coweta Co., 6eorgia-523 Cowpens, S. C.-lOO Craven County, S. C.-81 CRELL 1.-258,284,326 CRESS Daniel-452 Phillip-406 CRIDER Pete-452 See: Krider and Kreiter CRIM Jacob-521 Crooked Creed Church-377 CROOM family-81 CROUSE T.-550 Cumberland Valley, Va.-152 DAILEY 0.-516,525 DALCH—97,98,105,106,122 Danish Lutheran Mission-324 % Danneberg, 6ermany-312 Darlington, S. C.-478 DARNIELLE—361 DASER Frederick-212-217,219, 222,223,236,277—281 ,287, 299—303,359 Davidson County, N. C.-148, 260,261,311,317,358,366, 375,397,413,435,485,521 Davie County, N. C.-261,521, 527 DAVIS R.-462 Dayton, Ohio-390 De GRAFFENREID Christopher-44,69,70,71, 72,74—80,89 de' Medicis Catharine-33 Denmark-40 DERR family-149 DIEFFENBACH Henry-354,366 DIPP John-81 Di senters-33,58,62 DREHER—389,412 Daniel-476,505 Godfrey-373,407,411,467, 468,469,506,508 John-382,400,407,505 davie CO. PUBLIC LIBRAR* MOCKSVILLE, NC a c d. u» X J- o r i j->» i: DRY family-149 DUBARD A. J.-237 William-236 Duck River, Tenn.-473 DUFFORD Ephraim-554 DURR Ulrich-335 Dutch Buffalo Creek Church, N.C.- 242,246,248,249,2 50,283,285 Dutch Fort-158 Dutch Lutherans-59,66 Dutch settlers-25,57,58,63,64, 65,168,176,191 Dutchess County-418,419 Dutchman's Creek-168,377 Dutchess County-418,419 East and West India Missions-218 EASTERLY 6eorge-443 Easton, Pensylvania-206 Ebenezer Church, Columbia, S. C.- 497 Ebenezer, Georgia-47,83—88,97, 108,109,120,135,141 ,147,155, 171,193,194,206,215,230,231, 311,324,335,432,463,465,503,520 ECKLARDT Jacob, Sr.-424 Edenton, N. C.-156 Edgefield, County, S. C.-169,177, 310,476,479,524,528,546, Edict of Nantes-32,33,43 Edisto Methodist Meeting House- 488 Edisto River, S. 0.-122,385,497 EFIRD Adam-550 D.-550 EGNER G.-477 Eighteen-Mill Creek^233,307 EISENMAN Phi lip-169 ELLIS Governor-165 ELMORE E.-554 Emanuel's Church-377 EMMERT J. B.-550 EMPIE Adam-458,460,461 England-33,40,41,47,62,68,70, 89,91 .111,116,128—155,352 English settlers-155,182,197, 352 Episcopal Church and ministers- 47,59,60,80,96,98,119,121,124, 125,176,216,361,409,413,448, 449,457,458,459,460,461,462 ERWIN—479^ ESIAR—81 (now ISLER) Evanglical Lutheran Synod-355, 467,468, Evanglical Review-138,206,219, 222 OAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRARY M0CKSVILL6, NC 7 1^ X €C <± X d & y d. i in ul X o ci > <J Evan's Gap, Va.-157 FABER John Charles-179,279,281, 282,319,327,340,344,345, 349,360,373,421 M. T. Charles-361 Fairfield Co., OhTO-401 Fairfleld Co., S. C.-168,236,310 Faugunder Creek, Tenn.-473 FEGERT Jacob-250,335 FINK—552 FISHER Charles-451,452,453 Flatt Creek-515 FLEENOR James-550 FLOHR—380,391,392,474 Florida-394 Floyd Co., Va.-534 Force's Collection of Historical Facts-83,98 Fork of the Saluda and Broad Rivers-233,304,344 Fork settlement-147,210 Fork of Holstein-391 Forest's Ford-234,302 FORRESTER David-487 Forsythe Co., 156,260,311,414 FOX Albert J.-526 FRALEY George-453 France-31—34,38,40,41 ,43, 44,67,147,148,151 FRANCKE . . Herrmann-324,47 FRANKE Martin-81 Frankfort-on-the-Ma1n-35 FRANKLOW J. P.-361,362,363,382,412 468 John P.-467 Frederician Church on Cattle's Creek-306,309 FREDERIC Matthew-344 Frederick Co., Md.-159 French East-India Company-89 FREYLING Anastasius-218 Friedburg-159 FRIESE—313 FRIESLAND—250 FROELICH Carl Friederich-299 FRY Caspar-126 Fulham, England-79 FULMAR—166 George M.-538,539,540 Fust's Ford-234,302,307 GABEL—318,334,335 GALLIER John Caspar-126 OAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRARY MOCKSVILLE, NC \5 a c (Si :r i' d -3 a y fj C. )r v> X 0 d. d 1 cJ GARDEN A1 exander-in--117 GARTf^NN Johannes-300 GEIGER John 0.-533,1340 Miss—542 Georgetown, S. C.-306 Georgia-35,47,48,97,135,145, 54,160,169,171,193,193,206, 215,225,227,230,239,267,328, .. 335,394,423,463,475,487.503, 515,530,535 GERDTS C.-532 German Benevolent Society-209 German Calvinistic Church of St. John-306,309 German Evangelical Lutheran-142, 160,249,251 German Friendly Society^209,221,424 German Fusilier Company-222 German Reformed Church-138,149,154, 229,230,238,244.245,262,265,278, 349,366,395,405 German settlers-72,82,100--106,122, 126,137,150,151 ,160—170,177,193 347,409,530 German soldiers-172 Germantown-379 Germany-33,34,40,42,88,102,145, 242,334,345,385 GEROCK M.-88,194 Gettysburg, Pa.-485,509,510,512, 513,520,551 ,552 GIBSON—-97 GIEGER Abram-126 Herman-126 John Caspar-126 family-126 GIESSENDANNER Barbara (Hug)-121 Elizabeth-122 George-122 Henry-121 John-121,118,110,103 John Ulrich, Sr.-102,106, 107,108,118 John Ulrich, Jr.-114—119, 144,205,255 family-100—106 GILLON Alexander-211 Godman-211 GOETWATER John Ernest-65 Gold Hill, N. C.-551 Good Hope Church, S. C.-528 GOODMAN Henry-488,489,514 GORTMANN George-300 Gottingen, University of-251, 257,258 Grace Church, Rowan Co., N. C.- 245 GRAEBER Henry-484,486,513,535,536, 537,546 GRAFF Henry-361 Granby-542 GRANVILLE Lord-62,64,155 QAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRARV* MOCKSVILLE, NC \(o /^N 2 < <i 2r A ti 7- o J- v» *n ul X o 3: t:^ Grassey Vaney-391 Graves Church-377 Great Britain-30 GREDIG Julius-126 Green Co., Tenn.-395,430,443,514 Green Creek-234,307 Green Rivers, S. C.-381 GREENE General-338 GREEVER John J.-521 GRESHAM Colonel-544 GRIMPKE John Paul-211 GRIESON Jacob-414 GRONAU-83,98,105,140,193 GROSECLOSE Levi C.-552 GUEBNER George F.-548 GUENTHER Caspar-240 Guilford Co., N. C.-260,262,311 327,345,346,349,352,362,366, 371,373,374,414,485 Habersham, Co.-487 HAEG—130 HAESLOOP J.-532 HAHNBAUM John Severin-211,212 10 HAIGLER George R.-553 Halle, Austria-194»,218,326 Halle, University of-48,355 Halle Mission Society-87,194 Halle Orphan House-47,324 Halle Reports-145,322,345 Hallow Creek, S. C.-382 HALTIWANGER George, Sr.-359,522,524,546 HAM Captain-137 Hamburg, Germany-287,320,530 HANCKEL—361 HANCHER James K.-550 William-514 Hanover, Germany-215,251,256, 257,258,313,530 Hanover, House of-30,258 HAPSBURG family-41 Hard Labor Creek, S. C.-165, 166,167,179,234,304,307,309, 365,381 HARDEE Jacob-387 HARKEY Simeon W.-410 HARN John-116 HARRIS Major-52,53,54 F. F.-515 QQ PUBLIC UBRAR)^ mocksville, Me \1 ■2. <ct iM X 9- '4 2- o S- \n i l»7 X o at. 3 HARRY John B.-440 HARTER . William G.-406,524,545, 551 Hartwick Seminary, NY-509 HAUCK—237 HAUK William-395 HAUER David-484 HAUS Marx-250 HAUCK-237 HAWKINS E.-515 Elijah-521,534 HAWKS—51 ,68,71 ,74,76,79,182, 184,190 HAZELIUS—35,82,83,105,109, 126,127,143,165,195,202,229, 482,500,505,509,517,531 Hebron Church-477 HEIDE C.-532 Heidelburg-67 HELIG family-150 Helmstaedt Catechism (The)-285, 286 Helmstaedt, Germany-178,238,287, 310,312,315,324,326, Helmstaedt University (of)-48,49, 258,259 Helmstaedt Missionary Society-253, 259,282,310,316,322,329,342,346, 355 HEEMSOTH F. W.-533,553 HELMUTH—391 ,397 , HENCKE H. P. C.-326 HENKE—258,284 HENKEL—389 Ambrose-379,396 D. M.-550 David-398.413,441,442,487, 488 John-347 Paul-340,345,346,348,349, 352,356,358,366,367,368, 369,370,374,380,443,487 Phi 1i p-340,345,354,358,366, 375,377 ,397 ,399 ,413 ,430 , 432 ,433 ,434 ,435 ,443 Polycarp C.-550 Socrates-550 Solomon-379,488 family-445 HENT David-136 Herrnhut, Pa.-159 HERSHER Samuel-467,468,469 HEWATT—161 Hickory Church-244,245 High Hill Creek-233,307,377,406 HILGEN F.-532 HILL F. J.-462 Hillsboro, N. C.-151 HOCHHEIMER Lewis-227,230—233,238,273, 277,359 n OAVIE CO. PUBUG UBRATOT MOCKSV!LLS« W» 2 c IC 7- <i H-' v> to uJ 7C o cL 3: cJ HOFF J. M.-424 Holland-33,65,66,134,156,177, 212,251 Hollow Creek, S. 0.-232,363, 364,498 Hoi stein, Gerniany-530 Hoi stein River-391 Holston Synod-535 HOOK George-303 HOOPS W. H.-532 HOPE J. 0.-228,476,547 Hope, N. 0.-159 Hope Meeting House-160 Hopeful Ohurch-429 Hopewell Oreek-429 Hopewell Lutheran Ohurch-397 HOPKINS J. F. H.-546,552,554 HORLBEOK Henry-424 J. F. H.-447 HORNE—356 HORT Elias B.-553 HOUOK—237 HOWE—66,236 Hoxbiehl Ohurch-398 HOTOHKISS William-522 HUG Barbara-121 Huguenots-31-33,7?, 151 HULL Joel W.-550 Hungary-41 HUNGERPELER David-523 HURKAMP J.-532 HUSS John-32 HYDE—72 Hymn books-149,469 Illinois-393,455,471 ,472, 473,485,554 Illinois State University- 410 IMER Abraham-97 Indian Town-306 Indiana-393,401.413 Indians-52—55,72—76,100, 147,184,229,392 Iredell Co., N. 0.-148,261,401 409,514,521,527 Ireland-30,34 Irish Oatholics-59 Irish settlement-315 ISLER family-81 OAVIE CO. PUBLIC UBRAW^ MGCKSVILLE, NC Italy-32,36,40 Jackson, Tennessee-473 12 1 c Oft % i- d — <0 k U> O <J Jackson's Fork of James River, Virginia-380 James Island-56,57,64,66,81, 168,191 James River, Va.-50--53,380 Jamestown, Va.-57,66,189 JAMIESON—309 JARRETT Daniel-249,335 "Javelin (The)"-229 JENKINS Daniel-513,516,517 William-471,473 JEROME—32 Johann Friederick-531 JOHNSON Nathaniel-59—62,64,92 Julius Charles University-48, 258,324 KAEMPFER Jacob-484,485,513,526 KALTEISEN Michael-211 KARN A. J.-554 Kasner Church-377 Kentucky-160,380,393,524 KERN Henry C.-453 Keystone State-150 KIEFFER—109,554 KILLIAN Jacob-525 KIMMEL—227 Joseph-211 KINARD Martin-399 KINSLER Caspar-126 KIRCHNER John-211 KISTLER P.-553 KLECKLY J.-524 KLEIN family-149 KLEINBECK J.-532 KLUGEL G. 5.-258,284,326,355 KNIPPERDOLLING—126 Knox Co., Tenn.-395 KOELLER Johann George-300 KOHLMAN family-149 KREITER Bernhardt-452 KRIEH Elizabeth (Giessendanner)-122 KRIESON Jocob-377 KUHN Henry-377 HUNTZLER Caspar-126 13 DAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRAFf^ MOCKSVILLE, NC %0 dL as jtl y~ gL o hr o e» <J Lancaster, Pa. -88 Lancaster, S. C.-178,478 LAROS Jacob-370,371 Lau's Church-373,374,377,458 LAWSON John-74 LAYRLE Barbara-342 Chri stopher-256,342,403 Lebabon Church-377 LEDERER John-49-56 Leesville, S. C.-475 Lehigh Co,, Pa.-149 LEPPARD John F. W.-538,540,546,552 Lewisburg, Va.-380 Lexington, Mass.-129,236 Lexington, N. C.-485 Lexington, S. 0.-126,129,145,174, 195,229,291 ,303,304,312,345,362, 399,400,411,412,423,466,467,468, 47 5,476,479,480,498,505,508,509, 515,520—523 Lick Creek-429 LINCOLN—79 Lincoln Co., N. 0.-148,246,261, 281,338,339,358,360,374,377, 412,427,457,473,488,513,514,525 Licolnton, N. C.-374,400,443,526 LINDLER A. W.-554 LINK Adam S.-526 LINN Joseph A.-244,551 Little Saluda River-381 LIVER Jacob-126 family-126 LLOYD John-308 LOCHMAN—536 London, Enland-69,79,111 ,113 121 ,159,162,165,190,210,216 Londonderry, S. C.-165 Long Cave settlement, N. C.- 306 Long Church, S. C.-476 Lord's Proprietors-50,62,63, 70,77 LORETZ A.-349 LOTTER Theophilus-403 Loudon Co., Va.-474 Louisiana Purchase-393 Lovettsville-474 Lower Stone Church-245 LOWMAN J. 8.-547,554 LUFT-206.207 LUTHER Martin-432 Lutheran Chapel-377,526,527 14 DAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBR'^R^ MOCKSVILLE, NC 2 iSC. <A X -3 h "3^ ci <3» 6- i if> U9 X cL X Lutheran Church in N. 0.-322,356 Lutheran Church of German Pro- testants-278 Lutheran Missionary Society-47 Lutheran Observer-141,538 »• , I'i Lutheran Reformed Church--!54 Lutheran Synod in The South-!45 Lyon's Creek-!00 McCobbin's Creek, N. C.-40!,4!0 McCORD Russe! P.-!00 Macedonia Church-547 MACKIN Michae!-399 Mahock Indians-53 Maine-!59,228 MARCARD Adam Nicho!as-346,406 John Nicho!as-362 MARGART J. P.-524 r ... ; Marientha! C!oister Mariettia, Ohi0-389 MARK Johann Ba!thaser-300 MARKERT Lewis-4!3 Ludwig-358,367,375,377 MARKLEY Abraham-424 Benjamin A.-424 Marriage customs-33! MARSHALL Wi!!iam von-!59 MARTIN—272,277^359,340 John Nicho!as-!70,!96,208,209, 2!0,2!8,220,22!,222,230,233, 238,279,344,448, Mary!and-5!,55,!59,!97,328,437, 439,440,454,473,484,5! 3,5!5, 5!6,624,529,536 Massachusetts-3!.!29,!59,236 MAUNY Va!entine-24! MAYER—4! 7,4! 9 Mayf!ower (Ohio)-3! MEALY S. A.-464,467,468,475 Stephen A.-469 Meck!enburg Dec!aration of Inde- pendence-248 MEETZE John Yost-!66,!74,373,374,4!2, 467,469 MEHRTENS F.-532 MEIERHOFFER—467 MEISSENHEIMER George-335 MELCHOR Christopher-342 MELSHEIMER—536 MENSING Phi!ip-2!! Methodists-237,338,365,379,380 MEURON Abraham-94 DAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRARf MOCKSVILLE, NC !5 1 c qL X f d >" oL £ t w u» X o c» d X XJ MEY—219 MEYER—379 J. W.-404',413 Matthew-335 MICHLER Peter-300 MILLER—462 Adam-430,443 Adam Jr.-514 George-337 Jacob-81 John Lecher-81 Margaret-337 Robert Johnson-116,335,337, 338,340,358,563,364,374,375, 376,378—384,389,392,396,397, 407,410,412,413,429,440,457, 458,459,462,474 MILLS—89,94,95,98,100,102,105, 106,126,127,236,361 Mission societies-47,48,49,194 Missionaries-378,513,515 Missouri-470 MITCHELL Louis-44,56,69,70,71,89 Monroe Co., Va.-380 Monroevill-515 C# «Montgomery, il€-380 MOORE Bishop-459 family-81 MORE Michael-240 MORKER John L.-487 Morning Star Church-410 MORRIS family-81 MOSER Daniel-398,413,514 J.-528 Jacob-467,469 Jonathan R.-525 Timothy-550 MOSS—385,388 MOTTE—107,114,119 Mount Calvary in Edgefield- 479,497 Mount Pleasant, N.C.-483 Mount Pleasant Church-478 Mount Zion Church-233,306,528 Muddy Creek, N. C.-158,160, 377 MUKLENBERG Dr.-48,84,88,138,139,169, 171,194,195,196,203,209, 210,212—220,225,227,228, 228,230,231,236,238,254, 265,324 H. M.-206 MULL Robert-453 MULLER Ernest H. David-542 Henry Sr.-498,538,540,541 Henry-494,508,517,543,544 L.-553 Martin-211 Washi ngton-509,538 Muscungus-229 MUTZE John Yost-174 MYERS—477 Nahyssan Indians-53 Naples, Italy-39 Nazareth Church-476,479,480 16 OAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRARY MOCKSVILLE, NC 2 uje %. &- — I dL <s I- ii sS> 3: o li 3: cJ Netherlands-39,40 Neuse River,. N.C.-69,71,74,89 New Amsterdam-65 New Hanover Church, Pa.-223 New Lancaster, Ohio-390 New Market, Va.-379,445,487, 526 New Orleans, battle of-418 New Pearth Church-4G1,409 New River, N. C.-156 New York-38,44,57,64,65, Newberry College-545 Newberry Co., S. C.-168,177, 233,304,310,360,361,364,399, 411 ,476,477,495,497,522,523, 524,528,547, Newbury, N. Y.-68 Newton, N. C.-546 NICOLAI Pastor-316,317 Ninety-six District, S. C.-304, 310,363,365 NITSCHMANN David-158 Non-conformi sts-34 North Carolina-148,149,237,258, 259 North Carolina College-483,553 North Carolina State Library-165 North Carolina Synod-161,166,362, 372—378,445,449,454,458,460, 461,468,470,472,487,512,517,520, 522,528 Northampton Co., Pa.-149 Nova Belgia-57,64,65 NUSSMAN Adolph-48,242,243,245,246,251 , 257,259,262,266,280—283,287, 311-314,321 ,322,329,330,334, 340—344,404 Adolphus, Sr.-339 Barbara (Laryle)-342 OGLETHORPE General-98,135 Ohio-371,378,389,390,393,401, 440,488,516,526, Old Church-377 Oldenburg-530 Orange Co., S. C.-260,262,352, 414,527 Orangeburg, S. 0.-84,122,123, 124,125,224,278 Organ-377 Organ Church, Rowan Co., N. C.- 242,243,245,246 Orphan house-135 OSTENDOFF J. H.-532 Palanti nate-42,67,68,79,82,84, 87,137,148,177,294 Palatines-31 ,34,38,44,62,71 ,75-- 78,134,135,151 ,162,170,182 PARMER Samual C.-514 PASCHE William-218,219 Paul's Churches-398 Peedee River-151 17 2. <qL X. D T- 0 4- 1 <(0 tifi X o d: If <) PELZER Anthony A.-424 Pencileton Co., Va.-414 PENEGAR-237 Pennsylvania-62,69,^38,145,148- -156.^67,176,^79,180,194,^95, 206,208,223,239,244,251,153, 324,396,419,472,485,509,520, 551,552 Pennsylvania Dutch-148 Pennsylvania-German-148 Pennsylvania Lutheran Minister- ium-379,397 Pennsylvania reports-324 Pennsylvania Synod-145,254,356, 398,425,437,439,440,472, PERK Henry-81 PERLERBO Henry-81 Peterbaugh-477 PETERSON Jesse R. 55- PHIFER—405 Philadelphia, Pa.-87,88,138,417, 419,472 PHILIPS C. C.-424 Phoenix (ship)-57,60 Pickins District, S. C.-544 Piedmont Italy-36 Pilgrim Church, N. C.-377,397, 435 Pine Church, N. C.-314,327,358 Pine Grove, S. C.-310 Platt Spring-479,498,515 Plymouth, Mass.-31 P0GS0N--281,345 Port Royal, S. C.-51 PORTER Edmund-61 John-72 POSEY Mark-554 Powell 's Vaney-390 Prebyterians-118,236,237, 259,306,309,341,381,488 PRINGLE John Juluis-308 PROPST family-149 Puritans-31,32 PURRY Peter-84,90—94,101 ,102 PURSE Thomas-515 Purysburg, S. C.-88,89,92, 95,147,168,177,191 ,193,226 Quakers-59,151,155,197 Queen Charlotte Church-307, 310 QUILLMANN Peter-335 QUITMAN Dr.-418 General-417 RABENHORST Rev.-194 18 I'd CO. POBUC UBRftWfmocksvilue. no eat X" y- -S >- <0 VT> ttl 3C o d a X Raleigh, N. C.-165,457,462 Rail's Church, Va.-399 RAMSAY—206,223,309,345 Randolph Co., N. C.-489 RANKIN William C.-488,489 Rappahannock River, Va.-51 RASENOBER Matthew-81 Rastadt-41,42 RATZ Henry-460,461 ,462 RAUCH John-539,540 Michael-359, 373,374,407, 412,460,461,467,468,469, 496,528 RAYMOND Henry-94 Reading, Pa.-150 RECK John-454 Redemptioners-131,135 REEB Peter-240 Reformed Church-96,130,143,160, 198,249,376 Regulators-248 REINHARDT family-149 REITENHAUER Nicholas-335 REITZER Christian G.-514 RENNEGER family-81 RESABEL Michael-81 Revivals-380 Revolution War of-124,125,139, 147,159,160,161,176,205,221, 222,223,232-236,242,247,257, 268,271,272,274,338,392 Rhine River Valley-31,34,36,42, 45,67,92,126,148,182 RICHARD James-94 RICHARDS James-202 Richland Church-377,489 Richland Co., S. C.-168,236, 237,310,477 RICKARD Michael-399 Peter-399 RIEKE George-532 Rider's Church, Va.-398 RIESMENSPERGER Hans Jacob-130 John Jacob-169 RING James P.-515,523 RINTELMAN Christopher-256 RITZER P.-515 Roanoke Island-182,183 Rockingham Co., Va.-366,383, 398,466 19 DAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRARY MOCKSVILLE, NC 3Lio 3: 7" O w") ijry yei X \J c; 5: <j Rocky River, N. C.-329 Roman Catholic Church-l78,265 ROSCHEM—48,322 Arnold-316,317,330—335,339, 340,345,349 ROSENMILLER David P.-390,482,484,485 ROTH John-550 ROTHROCK Samuel-161,483,513,527 Rowan County, N. C.-148,240, 244,259,260,261,311,317,338, 366,367,375,398,409,413,456, 513,514,521,526,527,546,551 RIECKERT Michael-375,377 RUDY Stephen-534 RUMPF Elizabeth-121 Rutherfordton, N. C.-381 St. Andrew's Church-528 St. Bartholomew's Church-385, 386,388,479 St. David's Church-96 St. David's Church, Lexington-547 St. Enoch's Church-526 St. George's Church-166,170,234, 307,309,364 St. Jacob's Church-234,307 St. James' Church, Concord-404, 546 St. John's Church, Cabarras Co.- 242,248,250,256,257,260,280 20 St. John's Church, Lexington, County, N. C.-468 St. John's Church, Lincoln County, N. G.-»377,488 St. John's Church, Salisbury, N. C.-239,259,336,413,448, 456,513 St. Mark's Church, Charlotte- 522 St. Mark's Church-307 St. Mark's Church, Orangeburg, S. C.-234,301,307,309 St. Matthew's Church-105,224, 303,306,310,361,382,412,415, 508,522,523,527 St. Matthew's Church, Charlotte- 532,533,553 St. Matthew's Church, Davie County, N. C.-527 St. Matthew's Church, Orange burg, S. 0.-547,523,553 St. Matthew's Church, Rowan County, N. C.-527 St. Michael 's Church, N. C.- 401,410,409 St. Michael 's Church, S. C.- 363,399,400,406,407,467 St. Nichol 's Church,-385, 387,479 St. Paul's Church, Alamance Co., N. 0.-377,527 St. Paul 's Church, Iredell Co., N. C.-527 St. Paul's Church, Newberry Dist., S. C.-497 St. Paul 's Church, Rowan County, N. C.-526 DAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRART MOCKSVILLE. m 1 2 <£ as t- oi! ■o I «r> X o ci X St. Peter's Church, Rowan Co.- 244,245 St. Peter's Church, S. C.-97, 233,291,363,411,377,488, St. Peter's on the 18th Creek-307 St. Stephen's Ch., Cabarrus Co.,- 527 St. Stephen's Ch., Lexington Dist.- 498,552 St. Simons Island, Ga.-225 Salem, North Carolina-154,159, 160,161,180,317,376,385,414, 546 Salem Church, S. C.-232,233,238, 291 ,302,202,306,363,364,382 Salem Female Academy-160 Salisbury, N. C.-239—243,250,259, 281 ,312,313,314,315,320,327-333, 347,358,367,368,374,448,453,546 Salisbury Lutheran Ch.-451,513,520, 551 Saltketcher, S. 0.-384,385,389,479, 498 Saluda, S. 0.-44,223 Saluda Charge-364 Saluda Fork-196,203,218,230 Saluda River, S. 0.-146,166,171, 202,362,313,382 Salzburger-31,35,36,37,47,83,84, 87,98,155,193,208,463 Sandhills Church-498 Sandy Creek Church, N. C.-377 Sandy Run S.0.-140,231,232,291,302, 303,306,387,388,397,412,507,508, 523 21 Sandy Run Church-141,236,233,478, 523,538,552 Santee River, S.. 0.-27,50,55 SASS Jacob-424 Sauratown, N. C.-157 Savage's Church, N. C.-413 Savannah, Ga.-35,85,115,138,147, 222,227,311,323,463,464,465, 467,469,479,515,522,530,554 Savannah River-44,89,92,96,98, 109,110,155,169,381,383, Saxe-Gotha Township and Tract- 46,84,126,127,129,130,136,137,140, 141 ,142,145,146,168,169,174,177, 193,194,195,206,229,230,234,238, Savory-36,218,542 SAYFORD Samuel-534 SAYLE William-51 SCHAEFFER—65 Jacob M.-550 SCHAFFER D. F.-473 SCHECK John 0.-475,476,478,480,551 SCHERER—473,480 Christian-390 Daniel-485,455,456,562,478 David-440,462,472,513 Gideon-522,534 Jacob-376,389,397,414,439,471, 472,484,485,534 SCHIRMER 0. E.-424 Jacob F.-213,217,278 DAVIE CO. PUBLIC LIBRARY MOCKSVILLE, NC 1% a 4L Ct X t- Jt- <cL -& Ih tji "X- » a ■O Ct d S •O SCHLAGEL Chn"stopher-300 SCHLOUGH family-149 SCHMIDT Peter-139J45,200,203 SCHMUCKER J. 6.-397,398 S. S.-485 Samuel -471 SCHOBER/SCHOBER Gottlieb-161,375,378,384,396, 397,398,400,407,414,428 129, 438—442,449,451 ,460,46c ,519 SCHONBERG John C. A.-468,472 School—house Church-377 SCHRODER J.-532 SCHULFELD Daniel S.-514 SCHULL Henry-377 SCHUTT—320 SCHWAIGART-300 SCHWARTZ J. 6.-475,480,494,495,496,497, 500,501,502 SCHWATZWALDER family-247 Schwelszguth Church-377 Scotch Irish-34,151,152,404 Scotland-30,34,151,137 SECKENDROFF—78 Second Creek Church-259,314,327, 330 SEECARIST Andrew-48 SEITZS-149 SHALLING Elizabeth-126 John-126 SHECUT—309 SHEELY D.-554 Shenandoah Valleys-152,379, 389,498 SHEPPARD S. R.-524,547,548 SHERLOCK-121 SH0BERT--386,388 SHUTTERLING J.-211 SIDE family-149 Si 1 es ia-509 SILLY/CILLEY—229 SIMONS John-81 SINK—380 Sinking Spring-395 SLAVER Christian-81 Slaves-400 Slippery Creek-304,307,365 Smallpox-236 SMITD Ful1ix-136 SMITH--380,381 ,391,399 C. Z. H.-395,413,430 22 9.^ 2 c X ir' tt ci. u> t w X o ct :s^ <J SMITH John-518,519 Robert-166,381 William H.-524,529 Smyrna-251 Society For Promoting the Knowledge of Christ in Foreign Parts-47,88j 218,221 Society for Propagation of the Gos^ pel in Foreign Parts-97,206, Solomon Creek, Va.-398 Solomon's Church-443 South Carolina-137,140,142,374,377, 378,381,384,395,400,401,406,411 South Carolina College-495,500,509 South Carolina Synodr466,468,478, 498,503,506,507,515,518,520,523, 524,533,548 Spain-38,39,40,44,47,155 SPANGENBER6 A. G.-155,156 Spainish Succession-35,37,38,39,44 68 Spartenburg, S. C.-381,478 SPEIDEL Abraham-211 SPEISSEGGER—212 SPEREN—361 Stanly Co., N. C.-148,402,403 STANLY family-81 StaJ&sville, N. C.-410 STAUCH Andrea-335 STEIGERWALT—337 STELLING J.-532 STIEFEL John Jacob-300 STINGLEY James B.-548 STIREWALT Jacob-526 John N.-488,514 Stokes Co., N. C.-260,343, 378,379 STORCH—399,519 Carl August Gottlieb-244, 283,318,320.321,327,329, 330,336,346,347,350,352,358, 360,413,455,572,519,537 Charles A. G.-339,367,368, 375,376,377.378,394,400,404, 480,481,482,484 George Friederich-312 STORK Charles A.-407,449,456 STOUDENMYRE H.-515,524 STREITT/STREIT Christian^222,223,224,238, 272,286 STROBEL—36,196 Jacob-424 John-424 Philip A.-515,521 ,527 W. 0.-474,475,479,480,497 STROHECKER John-424 STUMPEL-161 Stuttgard, Germany-311 STUYVESANT—65,66 Surry Co., N. C.-378,379 23 1 a iii X V rS y cL o Ir it* X VJ cd j:S 5: cJ Susquehannah Indians-54 SUTHER—404,405 SWANEY Dennis D.-550 Swedish Delaware River Mission-325 SWICEGOOD John-521 Swicegood's Church-377 SWINK John H.-452 Peter H.-452 SWINGWAG Henry-452 SWINT Johannas-211 Swiss Quarter-92 Swiss Reformed Church-104 Swiss settlers-25,73,78,79,88,94, 95,100,102,106,110,122,130,151 , 168,177,181 ,182,184,191 ,195,196, 224,229 Switzerland-35,69,76,89,93—97, 100,101,113,122,136,137,138,198 TABLER John T.-512 TALBOT Sir Williams-51,55,56 Tazewell Co., Va.-486 TELL William-178 Tennessee-160,377,380,395,401 ,413, 429,430,431,432,441,443,470,473, 513,514,525,526, Tennessee Seminary-432,433 Tennessee Synod-170,410,439,443, 514,525,535,546,552 Texas-394,521,548 THEUS—138 Christian-88,1,30,137—140, 144,146,147,203,206,231 ,238, 278,279,301,302,303,309,359 Theological Seminary S. C.- 489,496,507,508,509,516,520, 522,534,538,553 THIEME Jacob-250 Thirty Years' War-323 Thomas Co., Tenn.-395 THUEMMEL C. B'.-525,538 Tiger's Valley-389 TILLY—67 Trent River, N. C.-71,89 TREXLER John-452 family-149 Trinity, S. C.-310 TRYON Governor-248,405 TURQUAND—125 Tuscarora Indians-72,75,184 Twelve Mile Creek-233,300,301 , 306 Union Co., 111.-471,472 Union Co., N. C.-170 Union Lutheran Church-358,377, 413,429,513 Union Pres., Tenn.-488 Unitas Fratrum-159 OAVIE CO. PUBLIC L1BRM3K. 24 mocksville, ng 2 ■d. hi X >- y- o ft- u» 3C •o ci 3 5r United Brethren-159 Unmarried men-159 Unmarried women-159 Upper Sauratown, N. C.-157 URLSPERGER—47,48,83,105,109,120, 122,130,135,141,145,146,230, 231,264,322,324 Ushery Indians-55 Ushery Lake-55 Utrecht Congress (of)-41,42,43 UTZMANN Lewis-452 VAN LAER Cornelius-156 VAN LEIDEN Jan-196 VAN VLECK--400,509 VELTHUSEN John Caspar-48,178,258,259, 282—285,312—315,318,325, 326,327,329,241,352,355 Virginia-50,51,52,54,55,61, 69.76,152,160,169,189,197, 208,222,223,325,345,347, 352,368,377,378,484,485, 521,526,534 VON HODENBERG—313 VON MARSHALL William-159 VON RECK Baron-83,85 VON SCHEITHER—313 Warchau Valley-156 WACHSELL—210 Wachovia settlement-156,157,158, 159 WAGNER J. M.-550 John A.-532,533,544 WALCHER Daniel-409,414 WALLBERG Friederich August-299--304, 359 WALLERN Frederick Joseph-234,301-- 304,360,361,364,373,383,385, 386,411 WALTHER Martin-484 War of 1812-148,149 WARNER J. T.-548 WARTMAN—208 Washington, D. C.-418 Washington Co., Ind.-401 Washington Co., Tenn.-395 Washington Co., Va.-391 Wateree Creek, S. C.-234,307 WEBER/WEAVER Jacob-139,145,196,197,198, 199-^204 WECKER Andrew-399 WERLEY Melchior-211 WESNER F.-447 WESSELLS C. B.-475 West Va. Synod-474,533,534,535, 552 25 2 si -i- > o f- 3: sfy til rr o ci ■r WINGARD—478 WISE—477 Wheeler's History of N. C.-243, 405 WHETZEL Henry-526 White Chapel, England-164 White Haven Episcopal Ch.-457 White Haven Methodist Ch.-338, 339 WIETING H.-531 Wilkes Co., N. C.-370,378,379 WILLIAMSON—77,151 Wilmington, N. C.-82,530 Winchester, Va.-157,223 WINCKHOUSE—364 WINDEBURG--312 WINECOFF Michael--406 WINGARD Jacob-475,497,499 Samuel-407,499 WIXEDELL John-81 WRIGHT—462 Yakdin River--152,156,311,321, 330 YEAMANS John-57 Yemassee Indians-76 Yemassee Port, S. C.-93 York, Pa.-397 York River, Va.-51 Younginer's Ferry-195,202 ZAUBERBUHLER Bartholomew-110--121,169,206 ZIEGENHAGEN Frederick-47,218 ZINK--391 Jacob-430,443 ZINZENDORF Count-156 Zion Church, Rowan Co., N. C.- 243,245,377 Zion Church, S. C.-230,300, 301,302,304,363,377,407,411 Zion Church Tenn.-395 Zion Church, Va.-534 ZUBLY Joachim-105,225,226,227 Zurich, Switzerland-198 OAVIE CO. PUBUC UBRARfmocksville, no Foundations of Lutheranism in North Carolina Pages 35 - 77 7 Ci kW X >r ci o )r iP X » Davie County Public Library 3: Mocksville, North Carolina o Ci j: •cJ 34 ) FOUNDATIONS OF LUTHERANISIM IN NORTH CAROLINA Copyright (c) 1973 Synod-Lutheran Church of America. Second Printing 1976 FOUNDATIONS OF LUTHERANISM IN NORTH CAROUNA 1. Foundations By Bernard W. Cruse n. Founders I I The Reverend Adolphus Nussmann By Ruth Blackwelder The Reverend Johaiui Gottfried Arends By The Reverend George W. Shuford c historical committee of the north CAROLINA SYNOD The Reverend J. Frank Davis, D. D. The Reverend B. S. Brown, D. D. The Reverend David L. Martin, Th. M., Secretary -.-^rciary George R. Patterson, D. Ed. Bernard W. Cruse, LL.B. Ruth Blackwelder, M. A. The Reverend Earl K. Bodie, Chairman The Reverend J. Wilford Lyerly, D. D., Ex-officio The Reverend. George R. Whittecar, D. D. President of the Synod AN APPRECIATION his invaluable oontribut on to tUs volume n T Seminary, for -me parts, and made -^'-ial, rewrote.onic parts and made many helpful suggestions, a service for which the church are deeply indebted to him.committee and PREFACE o I- Although the story of the Lutheran Church in North Carolina has already been weU Lutheran Church in North Carolina, edited by Dr. Jacob L M """ 'o " oommUtee of th;'^nod ftat a special publication should mark the two hundredth anniversary of the arrival focmnnThl "n f brief historical sketch is toSrst ntt!!;!"® r^l!" "*1° into North Carolina beforefte first pastors arrived. The authors proved admirably suited to their tasks. Mr. Bernard W. ruse, a imeai descendent of Adoiphus Nussmann, has been a long-time student of the German settlements in North Carolina, and he has assembled a fine coUection of documents on which to base his essay. Miss Ruth Biackweider, formerly of the faculty of fte Umversity of North Carolina at Charlotte, is also a Uneai descendant of Adoiphus Nu^ssi^ She has written a more extensive biography of the pioneer minister for Li/e Seiches of Lutheran Ministers, published by the North Carolina Synod in 1966 The bio^pher of Pastor Arends, the Reverend George W. Shuford, also contributed a •I .5?^ ^ descendant of Pastor Arends, he brings hiswnting sk^ as editor of the North Carolina Lutheran to this taskIt has been a pleasure to work with Mr. Cruse and the other' writers in preparing this matenal for pubhcation. The story of these early pioneers is worth telling--and reading Hugh George Anderson 2 <c <t uJ X t- The committee has found it necessary to limit its selection of pictures to those which ^e m some way related to the period under review. Many of the congregations which these pioneer pastors served are still active and now have beautiful modern buildings which belong to another day and age. tfi n* %.. *J ss -c)MO A sailing ship characteristic of vessels used by the German torefathers m the voyage across the Atlantic. 2 £ d 3 --i i 5 o 1- tr> in t>* 3: o ci 3 3: ci IS- cr «o OJ" FOUNDATIONS FROM EUROPE TO AMERICA Rh.wVtr'''^' ^ ''"'"fy- Fa""S villages in the Sr fla^ f of when armies crisscrossedme tertile valley fields, living off the land. They took horspt! nnW r^ot+io u homes and drove off the inhabitants. One account reveals that a single district in GermZ ost two out of every three houses, three out of four inhabitants, and almost all livestock would take two hunthed years for the population level to reach its pre-war strength' Then came the war of tlie Spanish succession. When King Charles TI nf <!nm-n a- a • chiM T't ^ '»lhe'go",d''Smr" "Ses ^Id ^od to inherit dus vast kingdom, so representatives of the Hapsburgs and the Bourbons the two great ruhng houses of Europe, rushed to seize his throne. thp»f!' 'Z"'" embroiled in the confUct. The mainto er of operations, however, centered on the already-devasted Rhine Valley "Private and the fruits of industry wantonly and ruthlessly desUoyed. But three days of arace w:::r*riis us » alhoTt^e Xan-S:^ Zintfrttohr^^^^^^^ S^rnfirZ^tepIr!"^^^^ ^Some of these unfortunate refugees foUowed the Rhine toward the Netherlands andthen crossed the channel to England. They camped outside London while the En^sh government decided what to do with them. It was finally determined to send sfZ hem across fte Atlantic to the American colonies, particularly to New York and Pennsylvania This decision established a route tliat would later bring thousands of Germans to the New World, and ultimately to North Carolina. hv Z™ °r ®"'ved in Pennsylvania about 1708. They were foUowed fflvh r« r 1' """ '"<■ '"0 ^ '"8= ■"""ber ofGerman Evangehcal Christians came from the German Empire, the PalatinateWurttemberg. Darmstadt and other places. 2. Soon aU the best farmland between theocean and the mountains was occupied, but stUl German immigrants left their homeland and poured mto Pennsylvania.If the immigrants traveled down the Rhine River from the Palatinate, they neededtotf a year to complete the trip to America. First they encountered delays at toU points-enty-six of them-on the river. Then came a month or more of waiting in Holland for a The f° T ^"Slish Channel, where further delays could be expectedLrt ^"""8 these months, and the longestpart of the voyage still lay ahead of them. '' ^rXlfp.Ts"'''' " « the2. H. M Muhlenberg. Hallesche Nachrichten. new edition 11. 194-196 fjulv 9 17441quoted in W. J. Hinke.Pennsytofc German Pioneen, I. xv. ^ ^ 1 The dangerous passage across 4,000 mUes of open ocean demanded the traveUers' last reserves of patience and strength. Crossings took six to twelve weeks; often greedy ZTs A di r n " overcrowdedquarters. A dissatisfied immigrant later wrote that, without proper food and water thev PoT Srf tV f dysentery,'scurvy, typhoid, anSpo^ Children were the first to be attacked, and died in large numbers 3. deaft of tbe^fi'"" Troutman family, later members of Organ Church, recorded thedeath of their five-year old daughter, Anna Eva, during their crossing in 1751 As in the cases of many other casualties of the trip, the little child was buried at sea ThfTmrnZ, f° ''T®"' the terror of the unknownThe Trou man family preserves a story of the fear inspired by a whale that followed their' shp for three days. Storms threatened to capsize or damage the ships-little larger than present-day deep-sea fishing boats-with winds and waves that battered them un- L. = sale rages for two or three nights and tte lople crv anr"' """hi S a„l n '7 7" p.teously... the waves rise often like mountains one abovethe other, and often tumble over the ship, so that one fears to go down the ship is constantly tossed from side to side by the storm and waves, so that no one can either eTch otter bol p a u '"""'led overeach other, both the sick and the well-it will be readily understood that many of these LTtt'ey^dlnllrre.-tUpon their arrival in Philadelphia, the voyagers undoubtedly expected that their troubles were over, but further difficulties awaited them. Fear of infection from the laTth office'lT'T'' authorities to require examination by aIpfoilfe T lanf V IT " The quarantinedan In toler flf "'"7 I c Tueob Shoemaker,^ undertaker filed a report with the City Council in Philadelphia on November 14 ^r^iVoiirislllIt' ~ that year-all of them taken members who had died on the way lre"ilde'ri .''' 7 "I"" ""'Snity. Theywe e mdentured or placed under contract as virtual slaves in order to pay the expenses of their passage. The great Lutheran leader in Philadelphia, Henry Melchior Muhlenberg ™of PUM rh''''T 7 'h"torbor Philadelphia, when the rough and severe winter is before the door. One or r°l agreement which the immigrants tte l^e an'^'tt A ''™ ''7'' " "aval downthe Rhme and the advances of the ttewlanders' for provisions which they received on the ships on accourit... Before the ship is aUowed to cast anchor at the harbor front the passengers are aU exaramed, according to the law in force, by a physician, as to whether Z Chv Hair dT naw arrivals are led in procession tothe City Hall and there they must render the oath of allegiance to the King of Great . 3. Gottlieb Mittleb^ger-s Journey to Pennsylvania in the Year 1750 and return to n Germany m the Year 1754, in Hinke, 1, xxxiv—xxxv. 4. Mittleberger, in Hinke, I, xxxv. 5. Hinke, I, xxxvi. !; j I ( cL ia X H- k 7- ci, o t- v> f <J 0 ! u Britain. After that they are brought back to the ship. Then announcements are printed m the newspapers, stating how many of the new arrivals are to be sold. Those who have money are released. Whoever has weU-to-do friends seeks a loan from him to pay his passage, but there are only a few who succeed. The ship becomes a market piace The buyers make their choice among the arrivals and bargain with them for a certain number of years and days (of labor.) They then take them to the merchant, pay their passage and their other debts and receive from the government authorities a written ocument, which makes the newcomers their property for a definite period " 6- That document ras called an "indenture," and the unfortunate debtors were therefore termed mdentured servants." iittta'^lnHT !i"i'T.'^ When freed of their contracts, found t k Pennsylvania. Prices were so high that the immigrantscou d not hope to buy occupied land. On the far frontiers of^e state, lan"s^l Td ittL it i" '""W be obtained Land ta rn r™ Piedmont North Carolinaa^d Me pL this green THE TRIP TO NORTH CAROLINA The ^nnans who looked for land to farm usuaUy left Pennsylvania after the crops rettTe^f"''^ 7 c P°''®"'le, so that they couldrettle dot™ before vmter caught them. The men and boys walked, carrying their gunsfor fear of Indians. The wives usuaUy drove the horses which pulled wagons pOed high™th every kmd of household and kitchen furniture, farm tools, seed for planLin tte sprmg, food, and all their other earthly possessions. The smaller chUdren could rid! in the Sv'dn!! 7 b»Ss. sheep, and other livestock. al™!n b-otted ahead or behind, where it was hoped that they would sound thealarm m case of Indians. callld' fof "rTr'' °7 Road," sometimes p • V ' Lancaster and over the Susquehanna at Harris sSLS*" v"" They then entered theSheirandoah VaUey m Virgmia, passing the towns now known as Winchester and Rl../ Pi*®' at Buchanan, thence through the Staunton Gap in the fhe m n ?r m""' across the Blackwater, Irvine, and Dan Rivers and a®'"®™®"' of Salem-now an historic site in the City of rove d I iT "°aa®"' '''® T'atihhi River at Trading Ford, havingcovered an overland distance of about 500 miles. Over much of this journey there were aimost no roads. The Indian trails which they foilowed for parts of the route were not suitable for wagons. In many places durina T^s tod to'brf"' r '""®"a-ff®' ions delays until the creeks loweredfoe^'B^d Roadr " "°"''®a '"a 'oute was caUed n 1777 '°T P®""a5'i*auiu to North Carolina was caUed the "Great WagonRoad This road went west through Pennsylvania from PhUadelphia to Lancaster It then tamed southward through Frederick, Maryland, to Warrenton and Amelia Court House irigima. It entered North Carolina on the way to Granville Court House andHillsboroughl 6. Muhlenberg, (1769) quoted in Hinke, 1, xxxvii. 3 MM Covered wagon such as those used to make the trip from Pennsylvania to North Carolina. PENNSYLVANIA Yprki;,v;.-p.:'.Philadelphia 'Lancaster / Fort Nelson (Louisville) ^ Danviflfc^# KENTUCKY ' r* TENNESSEE -/WEST yVlRGlNL Evans— • f'•.■Winchester ' Staunton^ VIRGINIA ^ Big Lick ((Roanoke) ^ . Salem NORTH i CAROLINA^ ;Charlotte Rock Hili\'SOUTH \j CAROLINA f Augusta Courtesy of State Magazine.Map showing the roads traveled on the journey from Pennsylvania to North Carolina. vsC 0"^ r- 2 od iU X i- 4 y cL o ir \o o. X xj then it joined the Old Trading Path and the previous route mentioned before it crossed the Yadkin at Trading Ford. John Ramsour, a German settler, left a written record saying that he traveled this road and that it was over 500 mhes from Philadelphia to Salisbury. A few settlers may have come into the piedmont region of North Carolina by way of Charleston or Savannah. Ministers, at least, later took this route, following the Pee Dee River and the Yadkin into Rowan County. It is not likely that any immigrants arrived through the North Carolina seaports of Wilmington and New Bern, since east-west travel across the colony was very difficult. When settlers finally arrived in North Carolina, they discovered that a complicated legal tangle made it difficult for them to claim title to land. The territory south of Virginia had been granted by Charles II of England to eight Lords Proprietors nearly a century earlier, but in 1729 seven of the eight Proprietors sold their holdings back to the Crown. However, one Proprietor, the Earl of Granville, refused to sell his share. Since no survey or division of the lands had ever been made, it was impossible to determine exactly which eighth of the total area belonged to Granville. The Granville heirs and their agents knew that they owned an eighth part of the vast area of the land south of the Virginia line, but they had no idea as to where their share lay. To complicate matters further, the Granville heirs made a deal with a London syndicate, headed by Henry McCuUogh and Arthur Dobbs, to locate as many settlers as possible on the Granville lands for the purpose of raising hemp and providing other naval supplies to Britain. McCullogh and Dobbs advertised vigorously for settlers in England, Germany, and Pennsylvania—all without knowing exactly what lands could be legally conveyed to the thousands of eager migrants. By 1744 the Granville heirs obtained a deed, and two years later a survey located their lands. The property included 26,000 square miles of North Carolina farmland, lying between the Virginia border and a line drawn westward from Bath along the southern boundaries of Chatam, Randolph, Davidson, and Rowan Counties. In 1746 the line ended at Cold Water Creek, about one mile east of Concord, but it was later extended farther west. To obtain lands in the Granville area, the settler would hunt until he found a parcel of land or tract that was not settled or claimed by someone else. He would move on the land without a deed as a "squatter," and later he would go to the land office of McCullogh and Dobbs and make an application for title to the lands. A surveyor would be ordered to survey the property. Obviously, the process took time. Sometimes it took as long as ten years before a settler obtained title to his land. It is clear that one cannot establish the date of settlement simply by studying dates on old land patents and deeds, since years would elapse between the time of settlement and and the granting of title. We know that, among a group of petitions submitted to the Provincial Council for land grants on February 16, 1738, are found petitions by Jacob Sheib (Shive,) and by the Aronhart (Ehrenhardt) family. While they are indications of the dates when the settlers arrived, the petitions still do not tell us exactly how early these German families came to North Carolina. The Sheib and A.ronhart petitions illustrate another difficulty in studying the settle ment of Germans in the piedmont. The petitions were recorded in Bladen County. However, in 1750 Bladen County was divided and Anson Cnunty came into being. Three years later a petition signed by 348 people living in the Old Rowan area asked the North Carolina legislature "to erect a new county or parish on the head of Anson County." The bill passed and became law on AprU 12, 1753. In addition to ^ving some idea of the jOrtHSTOM /^~>./piTr \ CUMBERLAND V-( i'vrz^W Showing appxoximate county divisiom i in 1760." ^#7bute \ DUPLIN BLADEN y' new \^ ^HANOUERvi Showing npproxhnate county divmons in 1775 • 2 c qL X It U r- o l-- W number of settlers in Rowan County as early as 1753, the process demonstrates how county names changed by subdivision. Our ability to locate settlements is also impaired by the vague descriptions written in early deeds. The surveyors of that far—off time were often incompetent and would use indefinite terms in their reports. Almost every court house contains deeds that describe property lines as "Beginning on top of a hill and running to a creek; thence with the creek to a rock in the curve; thence over the hill to a pine in the side of a ditch; thence a line to the place of the beginning, containing 640 acres, more or less." Such vagueness often led to disputes over property lines, ill feeling, and even lawsuits. Despite these difficulties, it is clear that settlers poured into the North Carolina "back country" rapidly. In 1751 Governor Johnston reported that inhabitants were flocking in daily, settling in the western part of the state as far as the mountains. Two years later Acting Governor Matthew Rowan wrote, "In the year 1746 I was up in the country that is now Anson, Orange, and Rowan Counties. There was not then above one hundred fighting men; there is now at least three thousand, for the most part (Scotch) Irish Protestants and Germans, and daily increasing. 7. While immigration continued until the Revolutionary War, a large percentage of the settlers arrived in North Carolina between 1750 and 1760. Their stories are outlined in the flyleaves of old family bibles, written in the hand of the settlers themselves. When the German families arrived in North Carolina, they tended to settle in concentrated areas along the Haw and Yadkin Rivers and their tributaries. Soon, however, settlements were being established west of the Catawba river. Pastor Arends, who had previously visited this area, moved to Lincoln County in 1785. One site was in eastern Rowan County, in an area from where St. Peters Lutheran Church now stands to the Town of Rockwell and to the location of Organ Lutheran Church. Early deeds in the Rowan County Court House indicate that these settlers belonged to the Lutheran and German Reformed traditions. Another portion of this settlement lay along a stream called "Little Buffalo Creek," which was never known to go dry. Since it was a fine source of water for their cattle and for other uses, many of the early German families settled along the creek. It was said that its name came from the old days when the country was still filled with buffalo, bear, and deer. An old mother buffalo, according to tradition, would go to the spring, and there, under the cool shade during the summer she would give birth to her young. Thus the creek became kiiown as "Little Buffalo Creek." Early settlers there included the Barringers, Culps, Earnhardts, Eisenhowers, and Troutmans. About ten miles to the south in Cabarrus (then Mecklenburg) County was another German settlement. It lay about two miles north of the Town of Mt. Pleasant on Dutch Buffalo Creek. Like their kinsmen in Rowan County, the settlers were Lutheran and German Reformed, and they built a log church and schoolhouse. They used the "Dutch Buffalo Meeting House" for about a generation, and then they seperated. The Lutherans moved and relocated near where St. John's Lutheran Church now stands, and the Re formed congregation moved eastward several miles to the present site of Bethel ("Bear Creek") Reformed Church. The creek is now called "Big Buffalo Creek." The church records of Buffalo Creek, St. John's, and Bear Creek together with those of Organ Lutheran Church and Lower Stone Reformed Church gives us a very good idea 7. Colonial Records of North Carolina IV, 1073, and V, 24. Quoted in R. D. W. Connor, North Carolina of the famiUes living in the conununity. They include: Kocft ctook) Edelmann (Eddelmann) Stigerwalt (Stirewalt) Kestler (Ke ler) Casper ^ Bless rPless"! Guthmann (Goodman)u ^ Seyfreit (Safrit)Wr (Mowery) Kuhn (Koon) ichwenk (Swink) xkei (Eagle) Cohler ( (Dry) i'enzel (WencU) Oberkirch (Overcash) ink Heilmann (Hileman) [offner (Hafner) Schmidt (Smith) ippert (Lippard) (Hartline) ast (Bost) Trautmann (Troutman) tupping Droui (Crowell) >st (Yost, Josey) ber (Beaver) Walcher (Waiker) ussgenung (Moose) (Isenhower) tup (Canup) f ""(f ilenwider Loeffler (Lefler) dtcok (Haithcock) (Krimminger) :rnbarger (Hornberger) r 1 lp(Po]k) Leydecker (Litaker) einhardt (Rinehart) Gerner (Garner) inders (Sanders) ^eimer (Rimer)utz Paulus (Powlas) ■inger Reidenhour (Ridenhour)'She (Harkey) Hoizshouser (Hoshouser)bst (Propst) Vespermann (Fesperman)enhardt (Earnhardt) f'."'"'fjauble)Cher (Karriker) ^ t Jer (Peeler)Meissenheimer (Misenheimer):oner (Waggoner) f ®:r (Suther) Schlough (Slough) vartzwelder (Blackwelder)!S (Cress) Bernhardt (Bernhardt)tntann (Sossman) " (Hurlocher):hoir (Melcher) Hauss (House)jgj. Marcard cauf(WinecofO P'^a'ry (Petrea) er _ °,es Hennikott (Honeycutt) (Gulp) (®™Sle)ter fWeiseri ^tuter Lowder) ~f!l| It IS evident thatfiling often changed when the settlers tried to put their Germanf^y names mto_ English. Sometimes the change occured when an Engilsh-speaidng clerk or a ani^taker wrote down what he thought the immigrants were saying, h other themselves atopted the hew spelling because there were no sounds in 2,^ ^ the original pronunciation. The Germanu^ut (a, 8, a) for example, forced "Bilhler" to become'Teeler." Furthermore little a tention was ^n to uniform spelling, so that the same man's name might be si«lled differently on his deed, his marriage record, and his will. In nanung their cMAen, these settiers drew upon Ihe names which they heard during church semces and Bible reading. For that reason biblical names were frequent. Boy!were ^<'h»/^«.P«ter,^tthew, Paul, David, Luke, Adam, JohnatlJl^and Ghb were named Mary Magdalene, Ruth, Ester, Naomi, Eiizabefli, and Orpha. Some of "'■"'ttgregations, since the donor of the iand wouldnored by usmg his fust name for the church; for example: St. John's St David's or even S»t. Enoch! ' 2 iSt {hi vr. u > s o Sr' V} \ \r> ■ XT a. How The Early Germans Lived " ii? Getmans found vast forests of fine timber land,firet thmg they did was to start cutting and felling trees to build a house for the b^fo the r a' ""jr.M ^<iid not Z to geVbfie to the bud - that would take too long. Their first homes were built of hewn logsvtoch were notched at the ends so the logs could be more closely joined together and ahit. ®*nicture was usuaUy one large room with a loft1 2! ® chimney built of stone. The hearth was used forhratag and ro okmg. The space between the logs was filled with clay to keep out the "1, "1® 1°®® The doors were constmcted by& a? ">*» ™nsh pl^. The roof was made by splitting blocks of logs intoshines. A few of these old log cabins are still to be found after more than 200 years Tfese oldhomMwereusuaUybuUt on top ofa hill overlooking the countiyside. Water lb! ^ household use was obtained by .di^g a hole in the side ofI ® ^ "'P™8 honse" protected the spring and alsoririi °^''b a ® '^'Mng fromThis box acted as a reftigerator" to store milk, butter, and other perishablefoods. The spring water was cold enough to preserve those foods. At the bottom of thehiU a creek supphed water for horses, cows, sheep, and othef livestock.. N^by, usually at the rear of their log home, the settlers built a bam of logs wherethey kept their horses, cows, and other cattle. Often these bams were buUt with a hallway or drive though the center with staUs or pens on each side for the cattle. A loftwertead pronded space for hay and other food for the horses and cattle. At the side ofthe barn another log building, caBed the "com crib" or granary, held com and wheat.Another important buflding was the "smokehouser Here the famUy meat was stored.^ smokeh^ was bj^f with a dirt floor, so that hams and other meat could be hungOTerhead and a fire of hickory logs built undemeath. The smoke fr om the hickory logs would cure the hams and meats thoroughly. helnT/5f There was no hiredw, fi!! a ■ ..u"' ' ready for fanning, he would askThey would come in large numbers tocut the trees, clear away the brash and get the land re ady for tilling the soil. While the CounQ ■ —{jpltsviWe, m LiDvarj so 1 i-A^w f V The Oia Stone House in Rowan County, built by Michael Brauninl766. X A n V 4 % -'i A typical Colonial Settlers House-many of such houses were found in Rowan and Cabairus Counties. a cL iif ■X »- I %r> u> X. d • X cJ i ; men were doing the work, the wives would be cooking and preparing the "fatted calT' and barbecued pork. After the day's work, everyone enjoyed a big dinner. These events were known as "log rollings." Participants would talk about those good times for years afterward. Most of the early Germans who migrated to this area continued to farm. At first they experimented with the same crops that they and their parents had raised in Germany. They soon found that the soil was better suited to peas, beans, sweet potatoes, and small grains. In a letter, dated August 24, 1755, Governor Dobbs says, "They raise horses, cows, and hogs, with a few sheep; they raise Indian corn, wheat, barley, rye, and oats, make good butter and tolerable cheese and they have gone into indigo with good success, which they sell at Charles Town, having a wagon road to it, tho' 200 miles distant." 8. It is interesting that very few marriages of these early Germans are found in court house records from pre-Revolutionary period. Some people contend, that since no records are found, no marriages were performed. This argument is without foundation. At that time English law provided that no one, no minister of the Gospel or magistrate, was allowed to perform a marriage ceremony except the ministers of the Church of England. The old German pastors, Lutheran and Reformed, took the position that it was none of the JCing's business who married whom. It was a matter between the couple and their God, so when a young couple wanted to be married, they visited their pastor, Lutheran or Reformed, who took them before the altar of the Church and performed the wedding. The minister would give the wedded couple a certificate in his own hand writing, showing that he married them on a specific date. No marriage license was obtained from the county or state. Reverend Carl Augustus Gottlieb Storch, who came from Germany and was pastor of Organ, St. John's, and other Lutheran Churches in this vicinity for some 35 years, made and kept a minute diary of all his doings, including marriage records. 9. Pastor Storch took the position that there is nothing in the Bible that says a couple must have a marriage license to be married. Most litigation and legal matters were handled in the church too. Arguments between members, or petty criminal offenses, were tried and argued before the Church Council, which would make disposition for settlement. They did not need the County Sherrif or the County Court to handle their business. They had just one law book and that was the Holy Bible. The English law, enacted by the Parliament of England and brought over by the Colonists, did not interest them. The old Church record book at Organ Lutheran Church has several instances of these Court trials, together with the disposition or judgement of each case. Many of the settlers would write a Last Will and Testament in which they would direct just how their properties and possessions were to be disposed of after their deaths. All these old wills are about the same and follow the same pattern. They are stiU on record in the old court houses in this area. From these old wills we can get a very good idea how these pioneers lived and what worldly possessions they owned. In Will Book E. Page 36, Rowan County Record of Wills, we find the Will of John Peter Troutman: Rowan County North Carolina 8. Colonial Records of North Carolina, V, 356. 9. The diary of Pastor Storch is in the Lutheran Church House Archives in Salisbury. English translation of that diary is also available there. 11 5X > ar .V A •"^- 4 old barn located near Zion (Organ) Church. showing log construction. Courtesy of Mr. James S. 0 H %n -X. 1 w -X: O ci 3 X. "In the name of God, Amen. I Peter Troutman, Sr., of the County of Rowan, and the State of North Carolina, being in good health of body and sound in mind and memory. Thanks be to God for it, and calling to mind the mortality of my body and that it is appointed unto all men once to die, do make and ordain this my last will and Testament, that is to say principally, and first, I give and recommend my soul unto the hands of Almighty God who gave it, and my body to the earth to be buried in a Christian and decent burial, and that I shall receive it again at the general resurrection through the mighty power of God. And, as touching those worldly goods wherewith it pleased God to bless me in in this life, I give and devise and dispose of them in manner and form as follows: After the payment of all my just debts, I give and bequeath unto my beloved wife, Ann Elizabeth, her bed and furniture, one sorrel horse, one cow, her spinning wheel, one large iron pot, and one small ditto, one frying pan, one pewter dish, two plates, two spoons, one ink tray, one psalm book, one smoothing iron, five sheep, and one swarm of bees, and also her maintenence in my house as long as she lives' the same to be provided for her by my son Jacob who shall furnish her with teii bushels of good wheat and shall take the same to the mill and bring her meal home to her, ^d shall also furnish her with a sufficiency of pork, beef, salt and all such necessaries as is suited to her age and degree, and sow one quarter of an acre of flax for her each year, and order and dress the same fit for the hackle and he shall furnish her with herbs and roots and other products of the garden and fields as much as she shall want and he shall furnish her with six gallons of peach brandy each year that the peach trees bear fruit and he shall keep and maintain her cattle as aforesaid in summer and winter sufficiently, and also attend on herself both in sickness and in health in a suitable manner. These services he is to perform for her annually during her life. I give and bequeath to my son Adam the sum of one pound. I give and bequeath to my son Melchior the sum of one pound. I give and bequeath to my daughter Eve, wife of Peter Corl, the sum of one pound. I give and bequeath to my daughter Mary, wife of Jacob Yost, the sum of one pound. I give and bequeath to my daughter Margaret, wife of Philip Earnhardt, the sum of one pound. I give and bequeath to my son Peter, the sum of one pound. I give and bequeath to my daughter Elizabeth, wife of Samuel Gerber, the sum of one pound. I give and bequeath to my son Jacob my plantation and the land whereon I now live with every of its appurtenances to him and his heirs and assigns forever, on this condition Aat he shall maintain his mother as aforesaid, and pay unto Paul Barringer, or his heirs . . . the sum of fifteen pounds on account. But if my son Jacob shall die without leaving living issue, then after his death, my said plantation shall be sold by my executers, or the survivor of them, at a public sale and my executors shall make and execute a lawful deed to the purchaser and the monies arising from the sale of the land shall be equally divided among all my said children. The surplus of all my goods and chattels herein not bequeathed, shall after my decease be sold at public sale and the money arising from such sale be applied to the payment of my deb'ts and the surplus if any, then shall be equally divided .imongst all my children. 13 5^ On e of th e ol d e r sc h o o l ho u s e s iu Ca b a r r u s Co u n t y And, I do hereby constitute and appoint Peter Corl, my son Adam, and my son Peter, executors of this, my Last Will and Testament. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 21st day ofMay,A. D. 1792." Peter Troutman (Seal) a d X A >* d c vo X O Qi X <J V. Signed Sealed and Executed in the presence of us Peter Lentz Christopher Beaver Jacob Dries On reading the foregoing Last Will and Testament of Peter Troutman, one must conclude that he was a devout Christian and God-fearing man. Pastor Storch says in his diary that he preached the funeral and buried Peter Troutman, age 90 years and 10 months, on February 27, 1799, and Troutman was buried at Organ Lutheran Church. Incidently, Pastor Storch says in his diary that he was paid 10 shillings for his services in connection with this funeral. He does not say who paid him, but we assume it was paid by the Troutman family. There is no gravestone at Organ Lutheran Church at the grave of Peter Troutman. Like many of the old gravestones there, it has crumbled away over the years. When these pioneers came, they were a German-speaking people who had little or no knowledge of English. For generations, most of them lived to themselves and had practically no contact with their Scotch-Irish and English neighbors who hved in other parts of the same counties. However, some of their leaders did take part in public affairs. Among them were Captain Peter Sommers, a member of Friedens Church in Guilford County; Captain John Paul Barringer, a member of St. John's Church, Cabarrus County; and John Lewis Beard, a member of St. John's Church, Salisbury. Perhaps there were many others. The people spoke a mixture of broken English and German, similar to "Pennsylvania Dutch. It was remembered and spoken by the old folks in this area as late as 1900, but it has now dissapeared. The old folks would speak this "Pennsylvania Dutch" to their grandchildren and great-grand-children, who found it amusing. Here are some of the things the old folks would say: "Its gone warm today," "Make the door shut," "Lets walk the road down." They would have trouble with the English "th" sound, so they would say "norse and "souse'l for "north and south." "King," "wing," and "tug" were pronounced "kink," "wink," and "tuck." "Vinegar" became "winiger" and "wise" became "vice." Some expressions remain, such as, "niggle" for "trifle with" or "geltem" for "money." As a means of holding on to the ways they had known in Germany, the settlers tried to provide schools that would educate their children. Even if state or county schools had been available, it is likely that the parents would have preferred to educate the rising generation in the German language and in the Lutheran or Reformed faith. Education and religion seemed bound together. A pastor might serve also as schoolmaster, or the teacher might read services on Sunday in the absence of a pastor. The Bible was almost a text book. The few old school record books available show that Bible, reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, and German, formed the basic curriculum, while brighter students would later receive instruction in English, Latin, and Greek. 15 vT St C, H . U I N C H E S -H i S T o a w - LO L T H e R A M -s t ' F ' ti !r ' C ' ' . ' 5 ' X ' i - ' ■: B^ ' - W ,y . t r? X : T ? ^ -» 3S t% -c ^ % § -< - C ~ ^ - r M on Du t c h Bu f f a l o Cr e e k of a bu i l d i n g wh i c h S of St . Jo h n ' s . Bo t h sa g ^ y i v - & S- - ' ^ t: ^ ' - ' ^■ ' V ' V . i ' i •■ Wi ^ '" ' - J ^ ' S l i v < t 4 { - ^ ( _ : ^ , , . , The Churches As has been suggested above, religion played a key role in the life nf . iMost of the™ brought Bibles with the™, and some eln carri!^ attfr fro: tl^^ congregation in Germany. One of these letters reads as follows' ^ niember of our con- rh h D r Catherine, his lawful wife, both members of ourChurch, Reformed according to the Word of God, are willing and have the intention t" tlanT to °,h American Colonies, belongingbngland, that they may find there a more abundant livelihood Thev are herewith commended, upon their difficult and dangerous journey to the protection of the How'^iHt T communionall errSt r S ? ^ recommend them faithfully tocon::t,iSe"r;;::™"""""'"'"Given at Essenhein, in the Electoral Palatinate, near the city of Mayence. May 2. 1742. J. Radernher, Pastor of the Reformed Church here 10. famnv'oitM circumstances the Paulus (Powlas)p encounter in the American Colonies, belonging to England " In fact the denommations, sometimes jointly and sometimes on alternate Sundays He noteVthoV^'^ f Reformed services one Sundaynoted those present, particularly an old man with a long beard An announceme™ was made that on the next Sunday. Lutheran services would be held. Returning the next Sunday, the visitor said m surprise. "I understood this was to be a Lutheran servicebut these are the same people who were here last Sunday. Even that old man with the' beard is back, sittmg m that same place on the end of the front row mirtf I":*™'' Protestants had neither church nor pastor. Meetings for worship hr,^ n n i?""' " P"^on wading from sermonks, which had been brought along from Europe. The informal nature of these early meetings makes it almost impossible to date the organization of the first congregations en the occasional visit of a minister does not guarantee that a congregation had been organ^ed. The visitor may have simply preached at a house-meeting gathered especiaUy to hear him. The group may have had no continuing life thi T 'r' -"Sregations in North Carolina arose inthis way. Ah along the route of settlement from Guilford and Alamance Counties to Rowan and Cabarrus. groups of settlers must have gathered for worship A North ^7y 7:Tu T7-' ^ - 'he Saw River :early as 1745. 11. Frieden s. Low's, St. Paul's Alamance, Zion (Organ) and St John's Lrn^mird ReltL^^^ informal gathering of the earliest settle'rs. both 10. QuotedinHinke, I, xxxix. 11. R. D. W. Connor, JVort/i Carolina, I, p. 159. futiw t- M U f l C n e S - H \ 5 T 6 P ^ V - Lu T H t / l A ^ ^ J Mo n u m e n t in St . Pe t e r s Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h Ce m e t e r y , ea s t of Ro c k w e l l , Ro w a n Co u n t y sh o w i n g th e lo c a t i o n of a ch u r c h kn o w n as th e "H i c k o r y Lo g Ch u r c h , " th e fo r e r u n n e r of Zi o n (O r g a n ) Ch u r c h . Zi o n (O r g a n ) Ch u r c h as it ap p e a r e d af t e r ad d i t i o n s to th e or i g i n a l bu i l d i n g The earliest clergymen to serve these congregations were either Moravian or Reformed. The Moravian colony at Salem (Winston-Salem) dates from 1766, and its clergy preached for German-speaking congregations in the surrounding area. A Reformed minister, the Reverend Samuel Suther, resided in Cabarrus County in the 1760's. A native of Switzer land, Suther came to America in 1738, after a harrowing voyage on which most of his family died. He was ordained in this country and served congregations in North and South Carolina. Another Reformed minister, Christian Theus, lived in South Carolina but occasionally visited congregations in this state. Lutherans have seldom given credit to these Reformed and Moravian leaders for their faithful ministry in the early years. Without their help the infant congregations would probably not have survived. In addition, they gathered or organized other congregations, among which Cold Water, Concord; Shiloh, Forsythe; Lutheran Chapel, China Grove; Old St. Paul's; Dutchman's Creek (Reformation); and Bethany and Pilgrim, Davidson County are still extant. We owe a deep debt of gratitude to these men for the foundations which they laid. About the year 1771 a new chapter in the life of the Lutheran congregations began. ^ Lutheran members in both Zion (Organ) Church and the Dutch Buffalo Creek Church determined to withdraw from their connection with the Reformed and to build churches of their own. Thus a new Zion Church in Rowan County came into being. Another St. John's Lutheran Church, in Salisbury, had also constructed a church. Lutheran churches required Lutheran pastors, so leaders of the congregations attempted to locate a pastor in Pennsylvania. When that effort faUed, a more daring plan evolved. Sixty Lutheran families signed a petition to their brethren in Europe, requesting a pastor and school leader. Two laymen, Christopher Rendleman and Christopher Lyerly, agreed to bear the petition to Germany at their own expense. After securing a commission from Governor Tryon, the delegates sailed from Charleston in 1772. They were able to raise money for books in England, and then they continued on to Hanover where church leaders responded to their plea by sending the Rev. Adolphus Nussmann 12 as pastor and Mr. John Gottfried Arends 12 as school teacher, The successful commissioners returned with their new pastor and teacher in 1773. Pastor Nussmann preached his first sermon in North Carolina on the second Sunday in August of that same year. The remaining essays in this volume will trace the work of the two pioneer leaders after 1773. 12. Variant spellings of these names are: Nussman, Neussmann; Arend, Ahrend, Arnd, I and Arndt. What appears to have been the original is used throughout this volume. Early communion vessels brought over from Germany still preserved by Zion (Organ) Church.One of the early German grave markers. 3 * t , f7^5 - 1971 . \ ' -,,r Altar memorial in Friedens Lutheran Church Cemetary. The German language was used in the early organization of Friedens Church. Listed below are some German names with the English translation: German Bostian Goehringer Peter Sommers Antony Goebel Ludwig Eiselen Chriatian Eiselan John Wagner Henry Hardt English Boston Gerringer Peter Sumers Anthony Coble Ludwig Isley Christian Isley John Wagoner Henry Hart In the older part of the cemetery there has been erected an altar memorial with this inscription: "Remove not the ancient landmark which your fathers have set" Prov. 22:28. This altar is made from steps of the second church building on the same site where it stood, erected in 1771 and used for almost one hundred years. 1 & *31 at X >- U i y- d. o )r to I THE REVEREND ADOLPHUS NUSSMANN Sirri,sz:„™to the German sponsors of the LutherL Church ta NorSro/^^ rsL':learned, and Godly." Dr. JoLnTaspar vZul ;omt Chfo^;!'''' r'^a" .hanrtmrrustrrtJ^r^^^^ worid^-Tf Tr T T to ^world. The first boat that Nussmann and Arends took for the trip from hI^ ! Nussmann said, "In divinely appointed tasks often thick hf 1"®' godparents. Adolphus Budde ' "f'tis ate^^drNrrri-^ ^tSo^:2;ttri^:^r— permtssion to get a Lutheran preacher and a teacher from Hanover ouSzVel^:rtir^^^^ spssss—1 ==i~HSSs= 21 :af) li:! n lin a CL X y t y o ) tA 3: X <J and George III, recognizing his sacrificial nature, made a special gift for his personal use. Nussmann and Arends arrived in Rowan County, North Carolina, in the summer of 1773, the year before the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. Each year conditions worsened between the Thirteen Colonies and the Hanoverian king, George III. Adolphus Nussmann,who was used to doing his own thinking, sided with the Patriots. The American political situation meant that he was entirely on his own, for he could not get the financial support he had expected from Hanover, nor from his friends in London. Adolphus Nussmann was a resourceful person. He realized that by himself he could not care for the spiritual needs of all the Germans from the Catawba River to the Haw River. Moreover, during his first year in America, there were members at Zion (Organ) Church who had doubts about their minister after they had discovered that he had earlier been a Catholic Priest. Johann Arends was needed as a preacher even more than he was needed as a teacher in 1775; therefore, Arends was ordained a Lutheran minister by Joachim Buelow, who called himself "Missionary and Inspector for North and South Carolina." Arends became the minister for the Rowan Lutherans and Nussmann for the Mecklenburg (Cabarrus) Lutherans. Because Nussmann supported the American Patriots, he suffered at the hands of Tories and was at times tortured by them. Many of his members at St. John's (Cabarrus) served in the American Army. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, patriarch of the Lutheran Church in America, recorded in his diary for the war years that he had received a letter on July 28 (1779) from Pastor Adolphus Nussmann in which he said that he would have to give up his North Carolina mission because of war conditions. Muhlenberg in his diary stated that the Whigs in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were "in a terrible manner" being "tortured and killed by the Britons, Tories, and Indians." 1. But Nussmann did not give up his North Carolina commitment. When the colonies had"won their independence, Pastor Nussmann sought help from his friends in Hanover. Since there was no Lutheran college in.America to train ministers, the Lutherans had to look to Europe for additional preachers. The Lutheran Church in North Carolina owes a permanent debt of gratitude to five professors who called themselves the "Helmstedt Enterprise" or missionary society: J. C. Velthusen, H. P. C. Henke, L. Crell, G, S. Kluegel, and P. J. Bruns. Their main purpose was to send capable preachers to North Carolina. The five counted among their promotors, patrons, and subscribers "the noblest minds both inside and outside of Germany" who contributed money and books for the North Carolina mission. Dr. Velthusen evaluated the undertaking as "manifestly successful." Adolphus Nussmann wanted a school in every congregation and the Helmstedt professors prepared textbooks for that purpose. Nussmann had a school in each of his three congregations. His largest school had 72 children in 1783; a second school in his area had 36; and a third school, 20 pupils. The North Carolina Assembly, recognizing him as an educator, named him a trustee of the Academy in Salisbury in 1785. With courage and determination he helped the German immigrants to establish their homes, churches and schools. Before George Washington was inaugurated President of the United States, five Lutheran clergymen were established in Piedmont North Carolina. The Helmstedt Society was vigorously supporting its mission field. Pastor Nussmann lived on his 200-acre farm, near St. John's Church in Mecklenburg County (later Cabarrus,) was the pastor of three congregations, and had supervision of the entire North Carolina 1. The Journals ofHenry Melchior Muhlenberg, III, 253,392. 22 c.l> fa of some congregattons. Pastor Arends had four congregations west of the amwha fover. The R^rend Christian Eberhardt Bemhardt had a parish 28 miles by ISmdesm thevicimty of aw River and Alamance Creek. The Reverend Arnold Roschentod a parish 14 miles by 10 miles in the Abbotts Creek area, near, the Moravian settlement The Reverend Carl August Gottlieb Churl. '""Sr^gations: St. John's in Salisbury, Organ Church, and Pine (Union) Another of Pastor Nussmann's coUeagues was the Reverend Robert Johnson MiUerwho was ortoed a Lutheran minister in St. John's Church (Cabarrus) on May 20 1794 He ^s an Anghcan who ministered to the Lutherans west of the Catawba River' when teenl^rSr y" The Influence of Adolphus Nussmann was felt not only during his Ufetime but is evident in the lives of many of his descendants. of Rendleman, daughter of Christopher Rendleman . M dated August 8, 1774. To them were bomthree children. Margaret, Paul, and Elizabeth. Elizabeth Rendleman Nussmann died 2 c iit X fr- -i > y d- o I C * Vi 1 23 0»^vaP) Pastor Nussmarm's chaii, now in the possesion of his great-great granddaughter, Mrs. Harry Foil of Mt. Pleasant. This chair was earlier preserved by the Pastor's grandson, Solomon Nussmann. a c: X H- -i I S 0 J- u> £ 1 ^r^ ut z: O aL ^• during the infancy of her daughter Elizabeth. Reverend Nussmann then married Barbara Lyerly, daughter of Christopher Lyerly, and to them were born two sons and two daughters — John, Daniel, Barbara, and Catherine. When Adolphus Nussmaim died November 4, 1794, his oldest child Margaret was nineteen years of age; Paul was seventeen; and Elizabeth, fifteen. John and Barbara were about ten and twelve. Daniel and Catherine were younger, for they^were not counted in the Census of 1790. Their father left very little material wealth; the gifts of the spint were his endowment for his family. Barbara Lyerly Nussmann, mother and stepmother, was left with tremendous responsibility after her husband's death. It is interesting to note that two favorite names for Nussmann girls for seven generations have been Barbara and Elizabeth. The Cabarrus County Court in April, 1797, appointed Frederick Milster guardian for Catherine, John, Darnel, Barbara, and Elizabeth Nussmann. The will of Adolphus Nussmann was proven in open court in Cabarrus County January 19, 1795. His widow came into court and gave up her ri^t of administration of the estatk Letters of administration were given to Daniel Garret, Conrad Keiker, and Frederick Milster. His will is not extant. Nussmann's oldest child, Margaret, got his Bible which is now in the possession of a great-great-granddaughter, Mrs. Ellen Goodman Rives of StatesviUe. His chair was pre served by his grandson, Solomon Nussmann, and later by his great-great-p^ddau^ter, Mrs. Harry Foil of Mt. Pleasant. It is now in the museum at Holy Trinity Lutheran Church of Mt. Pleasant. Nine lineal descendants of Pastor Nussmann have served, or are serving, or are pre paring to serve in the Christian ministry. His daughter Margaret was bom in 1775 and therefore was of age when her father died. She first married George Barringer, a son of Matthias and a nephew of John. Paul Barringer. After her first husband's death, Margaret married John Tobias Goodman, Sr. She and John Goodman are buried in the Filhour Family Graveyard in the Amity community, near StatesviUe. The Goodman^ great grandson, James WiUiam Goodman, was born in 1867. He graduated from Davidson CoUege and from Union Theological Seminary in Richmond and was ordmed a Presbyterian minister in 1898. Until his death in 1924, he served Presbyterian churches from High Point to HiUsborough, an area that was part of Adolphus Nussmann s p^ish from 1773 to 1786. The Goodman's great—great—great—grandson, Thomas Smith o Miami, Florida, is now a second-year student at the Lutheran Seminary in Columbia. ^ Paul Nussmann, son of Adolphus and Elizabeth, was borninl777. After his father s death he was apprenticed for three years to Conrad Keiker to learn the art of a black smith. Paul did not marry untU 1810. By then his sisters and his brothers had marrwd, with the exception of his youngest sister, Catherine, and his stepmother had remarried. The Cabarrus marriage bond for Paul and Hannah Holtaman is dated August 20, 1810. Paul and Hannah are buried in St. Stephen's Lutheran Graveyard, near Gold HiU, North CaroUna. Their great-great-grandson, Calvin Lee Shipton, was ordained by the North Carolina Synod in 1934 and has served the Lutheran Church in North Carolina for thirty-nine years. Paul's great-great-great-grandson, Terry Lingle HammiU, is a graduate of Duke University and since 1962 has been a Methodist minister in fuU connection with the Western Conference of North Carolina. ^ ' Rev. Nussmann's daughter Elizabeth was born about 1779. The Cabarrus County Court April 20, 1795, ordered "that Elizabeth Nussmann an orphan child of Rev. Adolphus Nussmann be bound to Barbara Nussmann the widow of the said deceased until she attain the age of eighteen years." Elizabeth married Daniel Bost, oldest son of 25 I n i. I i- I P S i i Elias Bost, on April 18, 1799. Their great—great—grandson, Oscar Fisher Bkckwelder, was ordained by the North Carolina Synod in 1920. He served churches in Roanoke, Virginia; Baltimore, Maryland; and Washington, D. C. for thirty-four years until his retirement in 1954 on account of ill health. His son, David Lewis Blackwelder, was ordained in 1961 by the Maryland Synod and is serving in that synod. Elizabeth Nussmann Bost's great—great—great—grandson, Hoke Henderson Ritchie, was ordained in 1944 by the North Carolina Synod and has served for twenty-nine years in North Carolina. Elizabeth's great—great—great—great—grandson, Robert Touchton of Columbia, has been accepted by the South Carolina Presbytery for the Presbyterian ministry. Rev. Nussmann's daughter Barbara married Phillip Carriker, their bond is dated November 3, 1800. She was born about 1781. Their great-grandson, William Jennings Boger, was born July 13, 1869. He was a graduate of North Carolina College in Mt. Pleasant (1893) and of the Philadelphia Seminary (1897.) He was ordained by the Tennessee Synod in 1897. Dr. Boger was a member of the original (1914—1915) Joint Commission to propose union of the North Carolina and the Tennessee Synods. John Nussmann inherited his father's farm of 200 acres on Adam's Creek in April 1803; he married Catherine Fogleman in June of that year, their Cabarrus bond is dated June 18, 1803; he fought in the war of 1812; in 1823 he sold the farm that he had inherited, to Jacob Litaker for $1,500 and took up permanent residence in Montgomery County, Illinois. John Nussmann and his family, according to local records, were the first White settlers in the Hillsborough area of Illinois. John's brother-in-law, Melchior Fogleman, Jr., and wife, Elizabeth Misenheimer Fogleman, moved to Montgomery County in 1818. Paul Nussmann's son John Levi joined his uncle in Illinois about 1845 and Margaret's grandson, George Barringer King, migrated to Montgomery County. Daniel Nussmann, who was born about 1791, was first listed as head of-a household by the Census of 1820 in Cabarrus County, with one son and four daughters under ten years of age. Catherine, Rev. Nussmann's youngest child, married John Petrea. Their marriage bond is dated June 3, 1811. They had two sons and three daughters. It may be noted that those who became ministers are descendents of the four oldest children and that no minister of the Gospel has been found among the known descendants of the three youngest children—John, Daniel, and Catherine Nussmann. Three lineal descendants of Adolphus Nussmann, who chose to follow in his footsteps, have completed their mission: James William Goodman, William Jennings Boger, and Oscar Fisher Blackwelder. Four are in active service: Calvin Lee Shipton, Hoke Henderson Ritchie, David Lewis Blackwelder, and Terry Lingle Hammill. Two are in training for the ministry: Thomas Smith and Robert Touchton. When Rev. Adolphus Nussmann died in 1794, he left five Lutheran clergymen to contiaue the work that he and Arends had started in North Carolina. In 1973, almost two hundred years later, four members of his own family as ministers of the Gospel are helping to continue Christ's work in America. Sources: The birth and baptismal data for Adolphus Nussmann were secured through Bishop Hans Lilje of Hanover; the data concerning marriages, children, and farm from offici^ records of Rowan, Mecklenburg, and Cabarrus Counties. Family data were also secured from family records, from St. John's Church Records (Cabarrus County,) from Organ Church Records (Rowan County,) from Bernard Cruse's genealogical records, from Mary West's genealogical records, from the Catalogue of Lutheran Graveyards in Cabarrus 27 4-2 County by Cora and Dewey Moose and Ruth Blackwelder, and from the United States Census. Ministerial service came from the Mecklenburg Presbytery, the Methodist Conference, and Life Sketches ofLutheran Ministers, North Carolina Synod, 1966. The sketch is based upon reports and letters from the North Carolina pastors to the Helmstedt Society. The originals are in the Harvard College Library, and the translations are given in the North Carolina Historical Review, Vol. VII (January and April, 1930;) and Vol. XX (1943.) The Velthusen records of the beginning of the North Carolina Mission were left with the German office in London when Dr. Velthusen resigned as Court pastor in 1773. AH of the Hanoverian Court Papers were returned to Hanover when Queen Victoria became the English sovereign in 1837. Those Court Papers were destroyed by the bombings during World War II. fn JOHANN GOTTFRIED ARENDS 1740—1807 Johann Gottfried Arends was the younger of the pastor-teacher pair which came to work among German Lutherans in North Carolina in 1773. Sixty German Lutheran families of the Rowan settlement who were "without the means of grace" and with "great ignorance in the Word of God" had commissioned Christopher Rintelmann and Christopher Layrle to act for them in asking European church authorities to help them "in order that the means of grace may be duly ad ministered and the Kingdom of our blessed Lord Jesus Christ be likewise established and propagated among them." Thus certified by the local English church authority, the delegates received endorsement and contributions from the colony's Governor William Tryon on February 1, 1771, and later from the secular and ecclesiastical court surrounding King George III of England who was also the prince-elector of the German territory of Hanover. The church-governing Consistory of Hanover appointed as pastor the 33-year old Adolph Nussmann, former Franciscan priest who had transferred into the Lutheran Church about a year previously, and Arends, years younger, as teacher. With such backing by governor and king, it is easily supposed that the Consistory exercised great care in seeking highly qualified men. Contemporaries note that Arends had been trained at both the University in his native Goettingen and the Hanover Teacher's Seminary which was sponsored by the church to strengthen religious instruction, the same institutions in which Nussmann received supplementary instruction designed to prepare him for his Lutheran ministry. It is possible, but not verried, that Arends had received theological training and was accepting a teaching post while waiting for a suitable pastoral position, a common practice followed by the Pennsylvania Lutheran church father, Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, and Carl A. G. Storch, who followed Nussmann and Arends to North Carolina before 1800. Almost nothing is known about Arends before he left Goettingen on September 13, 1772, "on command of the King," to take up his teaching post in the first established Lutheran pastoral and teaching ministry in North Carolina. - Arends was born December 11, 1740, in a family of land-holding free citizens with shopkeepers among their associates. His father was George (or possibly Simon) Chnstoph Arends, who held the possibly hereditary post of "custos" of the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary within Goettingen. Whether the post was legal trustee or mere custodian of the evidently Roman Catholic Church in a predominantly Protestant area is not now known, but it opens the possibility that Arends may also have had Roman Catholic background. After having been certified on October 16, 1772, by the Church Consistory as a qualified teacher, supplied with a guarantee of appropriate seniority if he stayed in the colony for a full six-year term, and assured "ample remuneration," Arends sailed for England with Nussmann. Stormy North Sea weather forced their leaking ship back into port, so Arends remained with their baggage in Hamburg while Nussmann went on to London through the Netherlands. At the royal court Nussmann was able to cultivate 29 ^6 support for the North Carolina mission, especially with the "second" court preacher, Dr. Caspar Velthusen, whose friendship with Nussmann was so useful just after the Revolution in supporting the North Carolina Lutheran ministry with personnel, fmances, and otherwise. In 1773 the two reached their field of service where Nussmann assumed pastoral supervision and Arends the educational duties for the settlers who had called them. After about a year, for reasons which are not now clear, Nussmann left the Rowan work and went to serve the congregation on Dutch Buffalo Creek in Mecklenburg County (now St. John's, Cabarrus.) Later homeland correspondence with Nussmann indicates some sort of friction, perhaps involving Arends, who is referred to disparagingly by the German writers. The announced judgement in 1872 by the harmony-promoting father of Lutheran church history in North Carolina, Dr. G. D. Bernheim, is that Nussmann's move was made in order that a wider field could be served by the personnel available. To qualify Arends for the post as pastor for the Rowan congregation and several others scattered over Piedmont North Carolina which were formerly served by Nussmann, he was "examined in the presence of several deacons" and ordained by Joachim Buelow, styled as "missionary and Inspector over South and North Carolina," on the Eleventh Sunday after Trinity in August 1775. There have been serious questions raised about the ecclesiastical regularity of this ordination, with good reasons. There is no other knowledge of the "inspector" post, nor of any church group which had proper jurisdiction to create such a position. However, the German church body which had sent Nussmann and Arends would have been accessible only with considerable trouble and expense and delay at the best. Further, the titular head of it was King George III against whose government the American Revolutionary War had just broken out. To fulfill the desire to have a proper ceremony for the ordination of candidate Arends to the office which bore the highest respect of the people to be served, those who were directly concerned used an available possibility, even though not the "normal" one. Everyone connected with the situation accepted the ordination, including the con gregations, Nussmann and other Lutheran pastors in the state, other church bodies, and the civil authorities. Arends himself, the person most concerned, certainly experienced with ecclesiastical procedures, carried on his ministry as though no question of authenticity was involved, so far as is known. Since at least two congregations, Union in Rowan County and Low's in Guilford County, list Arends as pastor already in 1774, it seems probable that he was already carrying out at least some duties of a pastor nearly a year before ordination. In less than a week after his ordination, Arends' Journal lists the first marriage, and in November he administered "first communion" to eighteen members of a confirmation group. During the sixteen years of listing those admitted to the Lord's Supper, the total reached 885. Although some pages are now misplaced, 577 names remain, in 27 groups, in at least fourteen seperately identifiable locations. A high proportion of names recognizable among present members of North Carolina Lutheran churches is found among them, using adjustments in spelling and pronunciation and translation. There is no record of the style, method, or length of catechetical training given by Arends, but it is probably similar to that of another German pastor who served in North Carolina: a group met several days a week for about six weeks, with young men already heads of families and young mothers with babies at the breast sometimes among the 30 y 1 c <£ r 5 » ■>- iSi o r i ft r; ^ pupils. The pastor would live at the homes of members in that area during the instruction period. There is no record of regular worship services conducted, nor of baptisms, funerals,or regular communions. There are 41 marriages listed in a little over a year the record covers. The best available information indicates that Arends conducted confirmation classesthree or four times a year, possibly trying to have a series in each major parish area. Thetypical group included twelve girls and eight boys. It can be safely assumed that he wasconducting worship services on Sundays and major festivals, at a minimum. One estimate of other pastoral acts is weddings about every ten days, child baptisms five or six times per week, and funerals probably once or twice a week.There is no specific salary stated, but about one hundred English pounds per year wasaverage for North Carolina Lutheran pastors, paid proportionately by the variouscongregations. Pastors also customarily received honoraria of one or two dollars formarriages, as well as gifts for baptisms and funerals, with this extra income probably exceeding the salary itself. In 1774, Nussmann moved to the St. John's Church community in what is nowCabarrus County while Arends continued to live near Organ Church until 1785. Fromthese home bases, the two pastors continued to minister to the spiritual needs of scattered over a wide area. No fewer than six congregations east of the Yadkin River list both as their pastors between 1775 and 1789. In most cases, dates of service are over-lapping and suggest a joint service; but there are no records to indicate the nature of suchservices or any agreement under which they were rendered. The arrival of three additionalpastors during 1787-1788 made it possible for Arends to devote the remaining years of his life to the Gaston-Lincoln-Catawba area.The work of the pastor was more than preaching and teaching, including work as"missionaries, evangelists, and organizers" whose "labors resulted in the preservation and extension of the Lutheran church in this new land." This meant long absences from famihes and much traveling in all kinds of weather, using poorly marked roads withoutmaps or bridges, and infrequent pubUc lodgings. Worship was necessarily conducted in homes quite often, since church buildings were not numerous. It was usual for the whole German population, including the Lutheran majority and the Reformed adherents and any others, to join together in worship and use of their limitedfacilities. Books and printed aides were scarce. Needs were only partially filled bysupplies from Germany, with communication with the German homeland interrupted entirely during the war. On October 24, 1776, just over a year after his ordination, the 35-year-old Arends married Hannah Rudisill (Rutenseell,) then eighteen, of eastern Lincoln County, daughterof the Lutheran pioneer Michael Rudisill. Her sister Elizabeth had been confirmed byArends the preceding June in his first group west of the Catawba River, so that thecouple could have become closely acquainted while the pastor was guest in the home, perhaps after insistent and continuing invitations from the proud parents.The couple lived in the Rowan area eight years, and then Arends moved about fifty miles westward to Lincoln County, to become the resident "father of the LutheranChurch beyond the Catawba River," styling himself "John Arends at the South Fork.Purchasing property on the keeper's Creek tributary of the Catawba, he built what was then considered a substantial house in which were reared the three children they already had and the five others born periodically up till 1799. 31 73. The Arends' family connections, which include a major part of the area's population may be indicated by noting the marriage partners of the children:—Catherine—Solomon Hoover, John—Susan Bisaner, Elizabeth—David Smith, Hannah—Lewis Hafer, Susan—John Sadler, Jacob—Jane Rutledge, Frederick—Holly Robinson, and Mary—Henry Cansler. After the end of the Revolution, communications were re-established with the German homeland and it became possible for other ministers to come to the new nation's state of North Carolina. It was in this period that the Arends' move was made. It was also about the end of the Revolution that Arends' Journal begins to include many loans to individuals, many of whom bore familiar names in the North Carolina Lutheran church. He evidently served as informal banker for many of the Germans, in a period of financial uncertainty, when regular financial institutions were relatively inaccessible at the best and doubly so to the German population. A conjecture is that his capital came from settlement of inheritance claims he had in Germany after the war, suggested by the inclusion of a copy of a deed in his/oMmai At any rate, other pastors noted his comparative wealth, some with approving and others with disapproving tone. A study of the 150-odd accounts in his Journal shows only two entries which are clearly interest charges, one averaging one per cent per year, and the other is for an unknown period with a total of about seven per cent interest charged. Since only a relatively few accounts show complete repayment, it may have been that the "banking" activity was a service which he rendered the German community with personal financial loss. About 1790, when other pastors who had been recruited with the help of their German supporters had joined in ministering to the North Carolina Lutherans, there is a fragment of a minute in Arends' Journal indicating that he was secretary for the meetings of pastors vvhich were twice a year, with Nussmann as "Senior," a title which in Germany indicated both length of service in the ministry and also presiding officer. At this time, the ministerial group was maintaining direct relationship with the homeland church, so that it may not have considered itself an independent organization, even though it felt capable of ordaining to the ministry in 1794. This "forerunner" of a later synod left no continuing record, so that a later date has been used as a beginning of a continuing church body. Arends' confirmation register ends in 1791, although he evidently continued some pastoral activities until his death, with ten still existing congregations listing him then. How well he was able to care for the wide-spread churches in his advancing age and infirmity can only be guessed at. It is not known how rapidly he became blind. The last entry in his Journal is in January 1800 and he was totally blind by 1803. According to a family tradition, his daughter Elizabeth accompanied him in some of his pastoral work, reading for him as necessary in the worship services from a hymnal or service book reportedly still existing. The worn and blind 62 year old Arends was honored by being chosen first president of The North Carolina Lutheran Synod when it was organized in 1803 in sessions at Salisbury and Lincolnton. The "father of the Lutheran Church beyond the Catawba River" died on July 9,1807, and was buried at the present Emmanuel Church in Lincolnton, survived 24 years by his wife. During his 32 years of ordained ministry, he served faithfully, first as teacher and then as pastor, manifestly much loved by the people. Contemporary accounts affirm that 33 IH " ^-Iv' '. h. ■^\ n -i^* Siiil , V-''•** 'r ">;• '•A /i "V »« - / , -. .'t tJ I S I I' ii there was no awkwardness in his conversations with parishioners as he dealt with "bread and butter" facts of their existence, preserving the dignity of the pastoral office without maintaining a formal "Herr Pastor" image. Arends is justly honored as one of the outstanding figures in the early history of the Lutheran Church in North Carolina. At one time or another, he served most of the approximately 25 congregations that were in existence at the time of his death and had organized many of them. Appended is a list of congregations which at best is incomplete and probably has inaccuracies. The list in most instances conforms to the congregational histories in the History of the Lutheran Church in North Carolina, (1953.) NOTE: Readers desiring source information are referred to the biographical sketch in Life Sketches of Lutheran Ministers — N. C. - Tennessee Synods, 1773-1963, © N. C. Synod of the Lutheran Church in America, 1966. Organ (Zion) St. John's Union Low's Beck's Pilgrim Shiloh Friedens St. Paul's ~ Lutheran Chapel Philadelphia Daniel's Emmanuel Grace Nazareth St. Luke's (IV^ miles from Arends'Home) St. Paul's (now American Lutheran Church) St. John's (now Missouri synod) Salem Bethel ....^ St. Mark's ..^ Zion ' . Rowan County 1775—1785 Salisbury 1775—1785 Rowan County 1774-^1785 Guilford County 1774-1789 Davidson County 1775—1785 Davidson County ca. 1778 Forsyth County ca. 1777 Guilford County 1775—1785 Alamance County 1775—1789 China Grove 1780—1789 Gaston County 1785—1807 Lincoln County 1785—1807 Lincolnton 1785—1807 Catawba County 1797-1807 Forsyth County 1787—1788 Lincoln County 1785—1807 Catawba County 1785-^1807 Catawba County ca. 1790 Lincoln County 1785—1807 Gaston County 1790—1807 Gaston County i!........ 1791—1803 Catawba County 1790—1807 c 1 35 u A St. Paul's Lutheran Church, Catawba County, also known as "South Fork" church, constructed around 1800, using some of the materials from the older church building (during the pastorate of Gottfried Arends. Records from the early churches indicate that families settled in particicular areas The names on the records of the churches in the Rowan-Cabarrus Counties area are dififerent in many mstances to the names found on the church records of the Lincoln-Catawba Counties area, while -still another set of names is unique to the Guilford-Alamance Counties area. Nanies unique in most instances to the Lincoln-Catawba Counties area are reflected in the bst from St. Paul's: Weidner (Whitener,) Sherrill, Conrad, Reinhardt, Bost, Wilfong, Forney Summey, Bol^ger, Rauch (Rowe,) Ramseur, Coulter, Finger, Zimmerman (Carpenter.) Ikerd, Cline (Klem, Little,) Hoyle and Herman. Grace Lutheran Church, Catawba County, organized by Pastor Arends in 1797. This building erected 1858. Newspaper Articles The North Carolina Synod Through 175 Years 1803 -1978 Page 79-112 2 U/ s■. _i I >- <aL o I' Vrv ^ Davie County Public Library w Mocksville, North Carolina a _£ > Th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d Th r o n g h 17 5 Ye a r s 18 0 3 -1 9 7 8 * i- s e « C ^ fl iC e x m c ^ ft o t s e V\ 9> @§ l f i e Co u n t y Pu b l i c Li b r a i y Mo o k s v i i l o , MC dM a a C H t S - Hv 5 T 6 R > < Co v e r ; "O l d Pi n e Ch u r c h " Me e t i n g Ho u s e dr a w n by Cl y d e Ov e r c a s h of Sa l i s b u r y , No r t h Ca r o l i n a . th e no r t h CA R O L I N A SY N O D th r o u g h 17 5 YE A R S (1 8 0 3 - 1 9 7 8 ) H. GE O R G E AN D E R S O N ' U. U T H € R . A M Fo r Ge o r g e R. Wh i t t e c a r , D. D. Pr e s i d e n t of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d . 19 6 3 - 1 9 7 8 ■n T y Pu t J U C PR E F A C E Fi v e ye a r s ag o , th e Hi s t o r i c a l Co m m i t t e e of th e No r t h Ca r o l m a Sy n o d pu b l i s h e d Fo u n d a t i o n s of Lu t h e r a n i s m in No r t h Ca r o h n a . Th a t bS e t ' L s c r i b e d th e pe o p l e an d pa s t o r s wh o br o u g h t Lu t h e r a n . s m to No r t h Ca r o l i n a be f o r e th e Re v o l u t i o n a r y Wa r . As a co n t r i b u t i o n to tb e 17 5 t h An n i v e r s a r y of th e sy n o d th e sa m e co m m i t t e e ha s au t h o r i z e d an o t h e r hi s t o r y of th e sy n o d fr o m it s or g a n i z a t i o n m 18 0 3 to th e pr e s e n t . Th e mo d e s t si z e of th i s st u d y pr o h i b i t s gr e a t de t a i l ^t ^ th e fu l l st o r y of th e sy n o d ' s li f e an d wo r k re m a i n s to be to l d Th e au t h o r is es p e c i a l l y co n s c i o u s th a t mo s t in d i v i d u a l s wh o "^ t i o n ^ d ar e of f i c e r s of in s t i t u t i o n s or of sy n o d i c a l ™ la v pe r s o n s wh o in v e s t e d th e i r li v e s in sy n o d i c a l pr o j e c t s ar e re p r L e n t e d by on l y a fe w ex a m p l e s . Pe r h a p s th i s es s a y wi l l pr o m p t Ot h e r s to te l l th e St o r y mo r e fu l l y . Mo s t qu o t a t i o n s ar e ta k e n fr o m sy n o d i c a l mi n u t e s . Ad d i t i o n a l ma t e r i a l in Ch a p t e r I is fr o m th e No r t h Ca r o h r w . Ja n u a r y an d Ap r i l , 19 3 0 . Fo r ex a c t ci t a t i o n s fr o m Ch a p t e r II , se e my Lu t h e r a n i s m in th e So u t h e a s t e r n St a t e s , 18 6 0 - 1 8 8 6 Ch a p t e r s II I an d IV in c l u d e ma t e r i a l fr o m Hi s to r y of th e No r t h Ca r o h m Lu t h e r a n Me n . an d Ch a p t e r IV us e s qu o t a t i o n s fr o m th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a Th e au t h o r jo i n s G. D. Be r n h e i m ad d e d to th e pr e f a c e of th e i r hi s t o r y of th e sy n o d in l9 0 3 . ". by th e re a d i n g of th i s Hi s t o r y , th e pr e s e n t an d fu t u r e me m b e r s of th e No r t Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d wi l l be in s p i r e d to ca r r y on th e wo r k of mi n i s t e r i n g a he r al t a r s wi t h th e pu r e Wo r d an d Sa c r a m e n t s , ®' i t e n d i n g to ch u r c h wo r k as fa i t h f u l l y as th e i r pr e d e c e s s o r s ha v e do n e , th e au t h o r s wi l l be fu l l y sa t i s f i e d th a t th e i r la b o r ha s no t be e n in va i n . dh u i a c H t s - La T H £ n l ^ « ^ Ta b l e Of Co n t e n t s PR E F A C E I. "P r o p e r Me a n s fo r th e Sp r e a d of th e Go s p e l ' 18 0 3 -1 8 5 3 II . "H e a r t y Mo r a l an d Fi n a n c i a l Su p p o r t " 18 5 4 - 1 9 0 3 II I . "T h e Ki n g ' s Bu s i n e s s an d My Bu s i n e s s ' 19 0 3 -1 9 4 7 IV . "T o As s i s t th e Co n g r e g a t i o n s " 19 4 7 - 1 9 7 8 P "P r o p e r Me a n s fo r th e Sp r e a d of th e Go s p e V P ^ 18 0 3 - 1 8 5 3 "T h e gr o o m bo t h fe x e s ^ t t e br i d e pe a L , wh e r e t^ e ce r e m o n y .s p e r f o r m ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ri gh t ha n d hi s fl a s k of ru m gr e e t s th e n go e s he a l t h of th e on e ^h e pa r t y . Th e qu e s t i o n s di r e c t e d ba c k to ge t hi s br i d e an d th e ki d n a p p e d ^ ) hi s br i d e tn th e gr o o m ar e : wh e t h e r he ha s s , pa r e n t s ha v e gi v e n _ wh i c h oc c u r s fr e q u e n t l y - an ^ Sa l i s b u r y th e i r co n s e n t . If on e st e a l s bi s bn d e ^ a ^ ^ tr y th e ob j e c t i o n s of th e pa r e n t s tw e n t y - f i r s t ye a r , an d th e n t gC r ^ s rn :: at fe i ? : " ye a r s ol d , no lo n g e r st a n d un d e r ar r i v e d in Da v i d s o n co u n t y , fr e s h fr o m to „„ r t b r" Un t o rt r e n j t h e n th e ti n y gr ' o u p of pa s t o r s wh o we r e at t e m p t i n g to Lr v e Ge r m a n - s p e a k i n g se t t i e r ^ s ^ t h e r e . ^ Du r i n g th e Re v o l u t i o n th e af t e r th e wa r ma d e it po s s i b l e No r t h Ca r o l i n a , bu t re n e w e d pr o s p ^ e ^ ^ y ^ ^ ^ re a l l y tq of f e r po s i t i o n s to tw o m . hu n d r e d ac r e s , fi f t y to si x t y we a l t h y , mo s t of tb e " . 7 ° ® " t b e Ge r m a n mi s s i o n so c i e t y co u l d se n d of th e m cl e a r e d an d ti l l e d . I su b s c r i p t i o n wh i c h wo u l d ov e r pa s t o r s , th e se t t l e r s wo u U ra m e ^ a ^ ^P en a b l e th e pa s t o r s to bu y a £a j^ i t s . ch i c k e n s an d th e r m o r e . "f l o u r , co r n , ^ fr o m al l qu a r t e r s . In tu r k e y s , ge e s e , et c . . we r e ab t o d a n t i y ^ pr e a c h e r is de p e n d e n t up o n hi m . Af t e r th e ar r i v a l of Ro s c h e n , th e r e we r e fo u r pa s t o r s to se r v e Lu t h e r a n s in th e va s t ar e a fr o m Bu r l i n g t o n to Li n c o l n t o n . Ro s c h e n se t t l e d ne a r Le x i n g t o n , an d he de s c r i b e d hi s co l l e a g u e s as fo l l o w s : "T h e Re v . Mr . Nu s s m a n n , in Me c k l e n b u r g Co u n t y , li v e s ab o u t 40 mi l e s fr o m me . Pa s t o r St o r c h , in Sa l i s b u r y , is my go o d fr i e n d . He en jo y s th e af f e c t i o n a t e de v o t i o n of al l hi s co n g r e g a t i o n s , an d de s e r v e s it , to o . He li v e s in Sa l i s b u r y , a pl a c e wi t h ab o u t 50 or 60 ho u s e s of wh i c h on l y te n ar e Ge r m a n ho m e s . Mr . Ah r e n d s [A r e n d s ] , on th e Ca t a w b a , is th e th i r d Ge r m a n pa s t o r of th i s se c t i o n . He is no w th e we a l t h i e s t am o n g us an d ha s nu m e r o u s pl a n t a t i o n s an d sl a v e s , bu t ve r y fe w pa r i s h i o n e r s . He ca m e as a re l i g i o u s te a c h e r wi t h Pa s t o r Nu s s m a n n fr o m Ge r m a n y . No w he is or d a i n e d . He en j o y s th e lo v e of hi s co n g r e g a t i o n . " In th e ab s e n c e of re g u l a r l y or d a i n e d cl e r g y , th e pe o p l e ha d tr i e d to pr o v i d e re l i g i o u s se r v i c e s fo r th e m s e l v e s by oc c a s i o n a l co n t a c t s wi t h th e Mo r a v i a n s at Sa l e m , or by ac c e p t i n g it i n e r a n t pr e t e n d e r s wh o cl a i m e d th a t th e y ha d be e n or d a i n e d in Eu r o p e . Th e s e pr e t e n d e r s wo u l d us u a l l y st a y at le a s t lo n g en o u g h to co l l e c t so m e fe e s fo r so l e m ni z i n g ma r r i a g e s , ba p t i z i n g ch i l d r e n , or pr e a c h i n g a fu n e r a l se r m o n . So m e ti m e s th e y wo u l d st a y fo u r or fi v e ye a r s , bu t so o n e r or la t e r th e y wo u l d mo v e on to fi n d a ne w so u r c e of in c o m e . Lu t h e r a n pa s t o r s al s o me n t i o n "u n t u t o r e d fa n a t i c s " - pr o b a b l y la y pr e a c h e r s of ot h e r de n o m i n a t i o n s - wh o we r e at t r a c t e d to va c a n t pu l p i t s . No wo n d e r th a t we d d i n g s ha d be c o m e so ca s u a l an d cr u d e ! Th e fo u r pa s t o r s re a l i z e d th a t mo r e he l p wa s ne e d e d . Tw o li k e l y ca n d i d a t e s we r e at ha n d . Af t e r co n s t i t u t i n g th e m s e l v e s an "a s s e m b l y " ^ in 17 9 1 , th e y or d a i n e d ca n d i d a t e s Be r n h a r d t an d St a n g e r wh o ha d pr o b a b l y re c e i v e d th e o l o g i c a l ed u c a t i o n in Ge r m a n y . A th i r d ca n di d a t e , Ro b e r t J. Mi l l e r , wa s or d a i n e d in 17 9 4 . Th e di s t a n c e be t w e e n co n g r e g a t i o n s wa s co v e r e d on ho r s e b a c k , al o n g tr a i l s ju s t wi d e en o u g h fo r a wa g o n to jo l t be t w e e n tr e e - t r u n k s . Pr o s p e c t i v e mi s s i o n a r i e s we r e ad v i s e d to br i n g da r k - c o l o r e d cl o t h e s th a t wo u l d no t sh o w th e di r t , an d to br i n g bo o t s fo r ri d i n g an d fo r pr o t e c t i o n fr o m sn a k e s an d ti c k s wh i l e wa l k i n g . Th e y we r e ad v i s e d no t to br i n g a Eu r o p e a n wi f e wi t h th e m if th e y wi s h e d to av o i d "a th o u s a n d sa d ex p e r i e n c e s . " "T h e vi s i t i n g of th e si c k , fu n e r a l s , an d ot h e r pa s t o r a l du t i e s ca l l fo r a gr e a t de a l of ti m e wh e n th e di s t a n c e s ar e so fa r , " Ro s c h e n wr o t e to a fr i e n d in 17 9 0 , "a n d I am us u a l l y ge n u i n e l y ti r e d wh e n ev e n i n g co m e s . " In ad d i t i o n to ma n a g i n g hi s ow n fa r m , a mi n i s t e r se r v e d se v e r a l ch u r c h e s , pr e a c h i n g ev e r y Su n d a y an d oc c a s i o n a l we e k da y s an d ho l i d a y s . Si n c e th e pe o p l e ro d e up to ei g h t e e n mi l e s to ch u r c h , th e y fe l t ch e a t e d if th e se r m o n wa s le s s th a n an ho u r in le n g t h . Ho w e v e r , si n c e on l y on e co n g r e g a t i o n co u l d be se r v e d ea c h Su n d a y , me m b e r s mi g h t ho p e fo r no mo r e th a n on e se r v i c e ea c h mo n t h , so th e y rr . zS - S " r. ;< "• Su p p e r we r e pr e c e d e d by pr e p a r a t o r y se r v i c e s on Fr i d a y s . Th e n th e r e we r e fu n e r a l s . "F u n e r a l s ta k e pl a c e in th e ma n n e r : If th e ch u r c h is th e n ho m e , oc c a s i o n a l l y al s o at ft e ho m e g , g is us u a l l y gr a d u a l l y a so r t of a -^ ^ - f / J . V ^ h u r T h Uo ^e ^ ' r -m e t e r y ) th ' e th e co n s U e r s it hi s du t y to co m e , an d in d e e d nS r k . - Th S - L o r im s a so n g , or at - v. s ^ St ^ M e r n ' ^ t i l e t h f r o f ^ t h e ^ c ^ ^ ^ H: s ve r s e s ar e su n g , tt i e co i " " s ./ I bo d y ha s be e n lo w e r e d cr o w d ma r c h e s by tw o s to he ^ Sg g i i i i s s ch u r c h . na r t of No r t h Ca r o l i n a , ha d be e n or d a i n e d by th e bu t n e r a n s . n to it s e l f , as si m p l y "L u t h e r a n . Da v i e i c o u n t y Pu o i i c uD r a r y ^o c k s v i l l e , NC cL ^ a R C - H e s - • H i S T o a V ' li i i H i ^ ™ B t e ? S i Re v e r e D d Da v i d He n k e l :■ / v, , V / S . ; 4 , i » ; « Re v e r e n d Pa u l He n k e l ^• v . ' • • • '' - ' ' ■ ■ ' ■ ■ ■ ■ ' ' ^ A ' ■ al w ' v * *' ; Re v e r e n d Go t t l i e b Sc h o b e r ^ ^u o u c In th e ye a r s fo l l o w i n g th e Re v o l u t i o n , th e re l i g i o u s ou t l o o k of th e pa s t o r s ha d sh i f t e d aw a y fr o m th e mi l d ra t i o n a l i s m of th e Ge r m a n mi s s i o n a r i e s . Al t h o u g h th e tw o se n i o r me n in po i n t of se r v i c e we r e fr o m th a t ea r l i e r gr o u p , Ar e n d s wa s ol d an d ne a r l y bl i n d , wh i l e St o r c h se e m e d op e n to mo r e pe r s o n a l re l i g i o u s ex p r e s s i o n s . Bo t h He n k e l an d Mi l l e r we r e vi g o r o u s pr o p o n e n t s of a wa r m an d ac t i v e Ch r i s t i a n i t y . Th e y wo r k e d cl o s e l y wi t h th e Mo r a v i a n s an d th e Ge r m a n ^ R e f o r i ^ d , on l y dr a w i n g th e li n e at un b r i d l e d em o t i o n a l i s m an d "f a n a t i c i s n i . Th e er u p t i o n of ca m p me e t i n g s in No r t h Ca r o l i n a - He n k e l ca l l e d th e m "s t o r m se r m o n s " - ca u s e d se r i o u s di s c u s s i o n am o n g th e pa s t o r s . St o r c h fa v o r e d th e m ; He n k e l wa s mo r e ca u t i o u s . Th e Sy n o d ev e n t u a l ly de c i d e d to ho l d th r e e - d a y pr e a c h i n g se r v i c e s am o n g th e Ge r m a n co n g r e g a t i o n s , in wh i c h em o t i o n a l i s m wa s no t ex c l u d e d , bu t "b o d i l y ag i t a t i o n s " we r e co n s i d e r e d ta b o o . Te n s i o n wa s gr e a t e r , ho w e v e r , in de a l i n g wi t h th e Ba p t i s t s . Pa u l He n k e l re c o r d e d an en c o u n t e r in 18 0 2 : "A t th e re q u e s t of a ce r t a i n nu m b e r wh o de s i r e d to ha v e th e co n f o r m i t y of in f a n t ba p t i s m ex pl a i n e d in re l a t i o n to th e Sc r i p t u r e s , th e Ch u r c h Co u n c i l co n s e n t e d th a t I sh o u l d gi v e a se r m o n co v e r i n g th a t su b j e c t . Th e re p o r t th a t th i s se r m o n wa s to be pr e a c h e d br o u g h t to g e t h e r ma n y pe o p l e , bo t h Ge r ma n an d En g l i s h . . . Th e r e we r e ma n y im m e r s i o n i s t s (B a p t i s t s ) in th e au d i e n c e . . . Th e s e fo u n d my se r m o n so co n t r a r y to th e i r ta s t e th a t th e y st r o n g l y di s a p p r o v e d . . . on e of th e i r co m p a n y wh o ca r r i e d a la r g e cl u b in hi s ha n d st e p p e d up to th e pu l p i t an d in t e r r u p t e d my se r mo n . He or d e r e d me to be si l e n t . . . . I le f t th e pu l p i t an d st e p p e d be fo r e th e ta b l e in or d e r to sp e a k wi t h th e fe l l o w , bu t I wa s im m e d i a t e l y su r r o u n d e d by al l hi s co m p a n i o n s , me n an d wo m e n an d al l se e m e d re a d y to at t a c k me . . . . I mo t i o n e d to th e de a c o n s , an d th e y we n t to th e do o r an d be c k o n e d al l th e pe o p l e to fo l l o w th e m • • • • We th o u g h t th a t if it sh o u l d co m e to bl o w s it sh o u l d no t be do n e in th e ch u r c h . . . . Th e im m e r s i o n i s t s we r e at va r i a n c e as so m e ap p r o v e d th e ma n s ac ti o n , an d ot h e r s to o k a co n t r a r y po s i t i o n . . . Th e y we r e so an g r y th a t th e y ha d to ve n t th e i r fu r y on th e m s e l v e s , as we ha d al l le t t th e ch u r c h . On e of th e wo m e n on le a v i n g th e bu i l d i n g sh o w e d he r an g e r by se i z i n g a yo u n g , si m p l e - m i n d e d wo m a n by th e ar m an d gi v i n g he r a pu l l sa y i n g , 'I am su r p r i s e d th a t yo u ca n li s t e n to th i s pr e a c h e r . Yo u wi l l go to he l l wi t h hi m . ' Th e yo u n g wo m a n wa s so fr i g h t e n e d fr o m th e at t a c k th a t sh e wa s si c k fo r se v e r a l we e k s . " Th e sy n o d fo r m e d in 18 0 3 ha d ve r y li m i t e d fu n c t i o n s . Ab o v e al l , it wa s in t e n d e d to pr o v i d e co n g r e g a t i o n s wi t h ad e q u a t e l y pr e p a r e d mi n i s t e r s . It ac h i e v e d th i s go a l in tw o wa y s . On th e on e ha n d , it se r v e d as a ce n t r a l ag e n c y to wh i c h va c a n t co n g r e g a t i o n s co u l d ap p e a l fo r pa s t o r a l se r v i c e s . On th e ot h e r , it ap p r o v e d ca n d i d a t e s se e k i n g to be c o m e mi n i s t e r s , an d pr o v i d e d th e m wi t h an or d e r l y pr o c e s s of ed u c a t i o n le a d i n g to or d i n a t i o n . It wa s an ef f o r t to up h o l d th i s la t t e r st a n d a r d of mi n i s t e r i a l an v i a C H t S - H* S T 6 a V ' qu a l i t y th a t le d to th e fi r s t cr i s i s in th e sy n o d ' s yo u n g li f e . Pa u l He n k e l ha d tw o so n s wh o fo l l o w e d th e i r fa t h e r in t o th e mi n i s t r y of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d . Ph i l i p He n k e l wa s or d a i n e d so o n af t e r th e sy n o d ha d be e n or g a n i z e d , bu t Da v i d , bo r n in 17 9 5 , wa s no t re a d y fo r li c e n s i n g as a ca n d i d a t e un t i l 18 1 2 . Th e ne x t ye a r he to o k ov e r th e mi n i s t r y of co n g r e g a t i o n s in Li n c o l n Co u n t y wh i c h ha d be e n se r v e d by hi s ol d e r br o t h e r . Br i l l i a n t an d ag g ^ r e s s i v e , Da v i d re a d wi d e l y an d de e p l y in Lu t h e r a n li t e r a t u r e . He ha d no fo r m a l th e o l o g i c a l tr a i n i n g , an d th e r e f o r e , hi s id e a s ha d no t be e n sh a p e d by th e th i n k i n g of hi s fe l l o w pa s t o r s , no r ev e n gr e a t l y by hi s ow n fa m i l y . Hi s au t h o r i t i e s we r e bo o k s , pa r t i c u l a r l y th e Bo o k of Co n c o r d an d ot h e r hi s t o r i c a l Lu t h e r a n ma t e r i a l . On th e ba s i s of hi s st u d y , he pr e s e n t e d hi m s e l f as a ca n d i d a t e fo r su c c e s s i v e gr a d e s of mi n i s t r y le a d i n g to or d i n a t i o n . Th e sy n o d , un pr e p a r e d fo r su c h a yo u n g ca n d i d a t e — he wa s on l y 17 wh e n he re c e i v e d hi s fi r s t li c e n s e to pr e a c h — re p e a t e d l y gr a n t e d hi s re q u e s t s fo r ad v a n c e m e n t an d th e n ha s t e n e d to pa s s ru l e s wh i c h wo u l d ma k e su b s e q u e n t ex c e p t i o n s im p o s s i b l e . Me a n w h i l e , Da v i d ' s po l e m i c a l se r mo n s , wh i c h oc c a s i o n a l l y st r e t c h e d to th r e e ho u r s , al i e n a t e d me m b e r s of th e Re f o r m e d an d Pr e s b y t e r i a n Ch u r c h e s in hi s ne i g h b o r h o o d . Co m pl a i n t s fl o o d e d in . Th e ke y le a d e r of th e sy n o d wa s it s se c r e t a r y , Go t t li e b Sh o b e r , wh o wa s le s s in t e r e s t e d in Lu t h e r a n do c t r i n e th a n he wa s in go o d re l a t i o n s am o n g Ch r i s t i a n s . It wa s cl e a r to Sh o b e r th a t th e sy n o d wo u l d ha v e to ex e r c i s e it s su p e r v i s o r y fu n c t i o n ov e r li c e n t i a t e He n k e l . At it s me e t i n g in 18 1 9 th e sy n o d re v o k e d He n k e l ' s li c e n s e an d pu t hi m on pr o b a t i o n fo r si x mo n t h s . ^ Da v i d He n k e l an d hi s fa m i l y di s p u t e d th e le g a l i t y of th a t sy n o d me e t i n g an d he l d a me e t i n g of th e i r ow n , at wh i c h he wa s or d a i n e d . Su b s e q u e n t ef f o r t s at re c o n c i l i a t i o n fa i l e d , an d th e He n k e l s or g a n i z e d a sy n o d in Te n n e s s e e th e fo l l o w i n g ye a r . Si n c e Da v i d an d ot h e r pa s t o r s of th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d co n t i n u e d to se r v e co n g r e g a t i o n s in No r t h Ca r o l i n a , tw o sy n o d i c a l bo d i e s ex i s t e d si d e by si d e in th e st a t e fo r a ce n t u r y . Al t h o u g h th e co n s t i t u t i o n s of th e tw o bo d i e s di f f e r e d in so m e re s p e c t s , bo t h of th e m sa w th e pr i n c i p a l ro l e of th e sy n o d to be th e gu a r a n t e e i n g of a qu a l i f i e d mi n i s t r y . Th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d de c l a r e d (1 8 2 8 ) th a t it s bu s i n e s s wa s to "g i v e ne c e s s a r y ad v i c e , em pl o y pr o p e r me a n s fo r th e sp r e a d of th e Go s p e l , ex p o s e fa l s e te a c h i n g s an d te a c h e r s , an d ex a m i n e ca n d i d a t e s fo r th e mi n i s t r y . " It s ef f o r t s to mi n i m i z e th e po w e r of th e sy n o d an d to ma i n t a i n th e au t o n o m y of th e co n p e g a t i o n ul t i m a t e l y co l l i d e d wi t h it s fu n c t i o n as a gu a r d i a n of mi n i s t e r i a l st a n d a r d s . Ef f o r t s by Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d au t h o r i t i e s to di s c i p l i n e a pa s t o r le d to a fu r t h e r sc h i s m in 18 4 8 , si n c e th e di s s i d e n t s cl a i m e d th a t th e sy n o d ha d no ri g h t to te l l a co n g r e g a t i o n wh o m th e i r mi n i s t e r sh o u l d be . Th e ne w gr o u p , ca l l e d th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d Re o r g a n i z e d , ma i n t a i n e d co n g r e g a t i o n s ne a r Hi c k o r y an d Ne w t o n an d ev e n t u a l l y af f i l i a t e d wi t h th e Jo i n t Sy n o d of Oh i o , a pr e d e c e s s o r bo d y Da v i e Co u n t y Pu D i i c uU f a r y Mo c k s v i t i e , MC of th e Am e r i c a n Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h . Bo t h sy n o d s at t e m p t e d to ed u c a t e fu t u r e mi n i s t e r s , bu t ne i t h e r ot th e m fe l t th a t th e jo b wa s be i n g do n e ad e q u a t e l y . An in f a n t se m i n a r y of th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d va n i s h e d in th e th r o e s of or g a n i z a t i o n Th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d fi n a l l y , co n t r i b u t e d to th e su p p o r t of th e se m i n a r y op e n e d by th e So u t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d in 18 3 0 . Fo r th e mo s t pa r t , ho w e v e r , st u d e n t s si m p l y le a r n e d by li v i n g an d wo r k i n g wi t h ac ti v e mi n i s t e r s . Bo t h sy n o d s co l l e c t e d fu n d s fr o m do n o r s fo r "b e n e f i c i a r y ed u c a t i o n , " wh i c h me a n t th e bo a r d an d ro o m co s t s of Ou S e ° T f ^ ^u n d s fo r th e o l o g i c a l st u d i e s an d th e pr i n t i n g of mi n u t e s , th e sy n o d s ha n d l e d li t t l e mo n e y . Oc c a s i o n a U y wo u l d be ta k e n to re i m b u r s e pa s t o r s fo r mi s s i o n a r y jo u r n e y s th e y ha d ma d e to th e Mi d w e s t , bu t th e r e we r e no co n t i n u i n g , No r t h Ca r o l i n i a n s we r e re s t l e s s pe o p l e , an d in th e de c a d e s ^t e r th e Re v o l u t i o n th e y fo l l o w e d th e i r co m r a d e , Da n i e l Bo o n e , in t o Ke n tu c k y an d be y o n d . Th e sy n o d s se n t mi s s i o n a r i e s to pr e a c h to th e s e pi o n e e r s , be g i n n i n g in 18 1 0 . A si n g l e jo u r n e y t^ r e e ye a r s la t e r br o u g h t fi f t e e n co n g r e g a t i o n s in t o th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d . Th u s , No r t h Ca r o l i n a , wh i c h ha d be e n a mi s s i o n fi e l d in 17 7 4 , ha d be c o m e a mi s s i o n a r y ba s e wi t h i n th i r t y - f i v e ye a r s . By 18 1 6 , No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sv n o d pa s t o r s we r e lo c a t e d in So u t h Ca r o l i n a , Vi r g i n i a , Oh i o , In d i a n a . Il l i n o i s , an d Mi s s o u r i . Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d pa s t o r s an d mi s s i o n a r i e s se n t re p o r t s fr o m Ke n t u c k y , Lo u i s i a n a , In d i a n a , Vi r g i n i a , So u t h Ca r o l i n a , Ge o r g i a , an d Oh i o in th e 18 2 0 ' s . In 18 3 1 Ph i l i p He n k e l re p o r t e d th a t he ha d or g a n i z e d fi v e co n g r e g a t i o n s in In d i a n a th e pr e v i o u s 7© ^ ^ . Of co u r s e , th e li n e s of co m m u n i c a t i o n be g a n to st r e t c h th i n . It wa s im p o s s i b l e fo r mi n i s t e r s to ri d e hu n d r e d s of mi l e s ba c k ac r o s s th e mo u n t a i n s to at t e n d sy n o d me e t i n g s ea c h ye a r . Th e na t u r a l te n d e n c y wa s to fo r m ne w sy n o d s am o n g th e he a v i e s t co n c e n t r a t i o n s oi ch u r c h e s . Pa s t o r s in So u t h Ca r o l i n a an d So u t h w e s t e r n Vi r g i n i a se p a r a t e d fr o m th e mo t h e r sy n o d in No r t h Ca r o l i n a by 18 2 4 an d 18 4 2 re s p e c t i v e l y . Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d mi n i s t e r s or g a n i z e d th e In d i a n a Sy n o d in 18 3 5 an d th e Ho l s t o n Sy n o d in 18 6 0 . By ri g h t s th e Ho l s t o n Sy n o d sh o u l d ha v e ta k e n th e na m e "T e n n e s s e e Sy n o d " wi t h it , si n c e al l of it s ch u r c h e s we r e in th a t st a t e , an d no n e of th e re m a i n i n g Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d ch u r c h e s we r e . Af t e r 18 6 0 . th e "T e n n e s s e e Sy n o d , " th e r e f o r e , ha d ch u r c h e s in No r t h an d So u t h Ca r o U n a an d Vi r g i n i a , bu t no n e le f t in Te M ^ ^ ^ ^ . ^ re s p o n s i b i l i t y fo r th e qu a l i t y of wo r s h i p in th e co n g r e g a t i o n s , bo t h sy n o d s re c o m m e n d e d hy m n a l s an d ca t e c h i s n a s . Si n c e th e He n k e l fa m i l y op e r a t e d a pr i n t i n g bu s i n e s s in Vi r g i n i a , th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d wa s es p e c i a l l y ac t i v e in di s t r i b u t i n g ap p r o v e d bo o k s . In so m e ca s e s th e sy n o d s pr o v i d e d ne c e s s a r y ma t e r i a l s , su c h as a fu n e r a l se r v i c e , a co l l e c t i o n of Lu t h e r ' s se r m o n s , an En g l i s h hy m n a l , an d a tr a n s l a t i o n of th e Bo o k of Co n c o r d . dH o i R C H t S - Hi 5 T 6 f t N • DA T I D HE N K E L AG A I N S T TH E UN I T A R I A N S . th e pe r s o k an d in c a r n a t i o n of JE S U S CH R I S T , £N WH I C H SO M E OP TE E PB I N O I P A L AR G U M E N T S - UN I T A R I A N S EX A M I N E D . TU B E l S l i E D BY OA d E R OF TH E EV A N O E L I C A t LU T H E R A N TE K X E S S E E ST N O D . NE W - A J A U K F T : PR I N T E D IN S, HE N R E L ' S 0F F I C E » .- v - m ■- , , $8 . - , . i < e n e s a t i S c i £ i i l Ti t l e pa g e of a pa m p h l e t by Da v i d He o k e l Oa v t e Co u n t y Pu D l i c uO f ^ Mo c k s v i l l ® , NG 1 Na t u r a l l y , th e ea r l y se t t l e r s us e d Ge r m a n al m o s t ex c l u s i v e l y , bu t as ti m e pa s s e d , En g l i s h be c a m e mo r e co m m o n . Th e Ge r m a n pa s t o r s m 17 9 0 no t e d th a t th e i r me m b e r s wo u l d sp e a k Ge r m a n at ho m e , bu t th a t th e y we r e be g i n n i n g to ad o p t th e En g l i s h la n g u a g e in or d e r to do bu s i n e s s wi t h th e i r En g l i s h ne i g h b o r s . Wh e n it be c a m e cl e a r th a t Ge r ma n mi g h t di e ou t , th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d st r u g g l e d to pr e s e r v e it by ur g i n g th e es t a b l i s h m e n t of Ge r m a n sc h o o l s . Ea r l y ca t e c h e t i c a l in s t r u c t i o n ha d in c l u d e d wa r n i n g s no t to ma r r y th e En g l i s h or th e Ir i s h . Th e la t t e r we r e co n s i d e r e d "l a z y , di s s i p a t e d an d po o r . " Th e En g l i s h we r e re p u t e d no t to "a d h e r e to an y de f i n i t e re l i g i o n , do no t ha v e th e i r ch i l d r e n ba p t i z e d ; no r do th e y se n d th e m to an y sc h o o l , bu t si m p l y le t th e m gr o w up li k e do m e s t i c an i m a l s . . . . Th e En g l i s h wi f e wi l l no t pe r m i t he r hu s b a n d to be ma s t e r in hi s ho u s e h o l d , an d wh e n he li k e w i s e in s i s t s on hi s ri g h t s , cr i m e an d mu r de r fo l l o w . " Th e ef f o r t s we r e no t me r e l y cu l t u r a l . Ob s e r v a t i o n s of tr a v e l i n g mi n i s t e r s un i f o r m l y co n f i r m e d th a t fa m i l i e s wh o mo v e d ac r o s s th e mo u n t a i n s "l e f t th e i r re l i g i o n be h i n d wi t h th e Ge r m a n la n g u a g e . " As th e de c a d e s pa s s e d , of co u r s e , ot h e r is s u e s ar o s e , in c l u d i n g sl a v e r y . So m e of th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d ch u r c h e s la y in Ea s t Te n n e s s e e , wh e r e sl a v e r y wa s no t at al l po p u l a r . A la y de l e g a t e ra i s e d th e qu e s t i o n in 18 2 2 , by as k i n g "w h e t h e r Sl a v e r y is no t to be co n s i d e r e d a gr e a t ev i l wh i c h is to l e r a t e d in ou r la n d ? " Th e sy n o d ag r e e d th a t it wa s a gr e a t ev i l an d ho p e d th a t "t h e go v e r n m e n t if po s s i b l e , wo u l d de v i s e so m e me a n s as an an t i d o t e to th i s ev i l . " Th e ac t i o n is th e ea r l i e s t re c o r d e d Lu t h e r a n st a t e m e n t on th e is s u e of sl a v e r y , an d it is in te r e s t i n g to no t e th a t th e go v e r n m e n t wa s ex p e c t e d to fi n d a so l u t i o n . Th e pa s t o r s we r e in s t r u c t e d "t o ad m o n i s h ev e r y ma s t e r to tr e a t hi s sl a v e s we l l an d to ob s e r v e hi s Ch r i s t i a n du t i e s to w a r d s th e m . " Th a t ac t i o n ce r t a i n l y im p l i e s th a t th e r e we r e sl a v e - o w n e r s am o n g th e me m be r s of sy n o d . La t e r , in 18 3 7 , th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d di r e c t e d it s mi n i s t e r s "t o ha v e so m e pl a c e pr o v i d e d in ea c h ch u r c h fo r th e co l o r e d pe o p l e wi t h i n th e bo u n d s of th e sa m e , an d th a t a pa r t of th e i r se r m o n be pa r t i c u l a r l y ad d r e s s e d to th e m . " Th i s ma y be th e or i g i n of th e "s l a v e - g a l l e r i e s " wh i c h ar e of t e n po i n t e d ou t in ol d ch u r c h bu i l d i n g s . Ch u r c h ar c h i t e c t u r e in th o s e ea r l y ye a r s wa s si m p l e . Su m m e r he a t of t e n ma d e it mo r e co m f o r t a b l e to me e t ou t of do o r s . Ch u r c h e s we r e us u a l l y bu i l t of lo g s ; th e y ra r e l y he l d mo r e th a n a hu n d r e d pe r so n s . Th e bu i l d i n g s we r e wi t h o u t he a t , li g h t , or mu s i c a l in s t r u m e n t s . Lo g be n c h e s wo u l d fa c e a pu l p i t lo c a t e d in th e ce n t e r of on e en d wa l l . Be f o r e th e pu l p i t wo u l d be a sm a l l ta b l e fo r th e co m m u n i o n ve s s e l s ; ot h e r w i s e , th e bu i l d i n g s we r e un a d o r n e d . Th e s e si m p l e ho u s e s of wo r sh i p pr o v i d e d th e se t t i n g fo r re l i g i o u s in s t r u c t i o n an d sy n o d i c a l bu s i n e s s fo r ov e r ha l f a ce n t u r y . To w a r d th e mi d ni n e t e e n t h ce n t u r y th e y gr a d u a l l y we r e re p l a c e d by fr a m e st r u c t u r e s , bu t th e ol d lo g bu i l d i n g s ha d le f t a he r i t a g e of st u r d y fa i t h th a t wo u l d co n t i n u e to ch a r a c t e r i z e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n i s m . "H e a r t y Mo r a l an d Fi n a n c i a l Su p p o r t " 18 5 4 - 1 9 0 3 tl f L rX o a - ; ^ : s r t H ; rn r t L t j ; e S : j } ; = pT e X f u f n ' f ^ g g e s t i o n ma r k e d a si g n i f i c a n t ch a n g e in th e li f e of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d . Af t e r fi f t y ye a r s of fu n c t i m i pe r i e n c e , th e sy n o d wa s re a d y to ^ in re g a r d to it s pa s t o r s an d co n g r e g a t i o n s , it wa s al s o re a y rr r i i n t i I Re v e r e n d Jo s e p h A. LI d d LU T H e R ^ b J [ ' • MI N D T E S OF SY N O D . 21 [ ^ k ' ' ' / J i. . n I TH E RE P Q K T OF TH E CO M M I T T E E OX TH E ST A T E OF RE L I G I O N ' . IT i e Co m m i t t e e ou th e st a t e ' o f Ee l i ^ o n , -i v i t h i i ) th e bo u n d s of ti l l s Sy n o d , li a v e co l l e c t e d th e fo l l o w i n g it e m s , to wi t : li c o . If a r t e r . "T h e r e is oo e pr a y e r - m e e t i n g wi t h i n th e bo o n c l a of my ch a r g e — o n e Su t H l a y Sc h o o l in pr o g r e s s , an d ef f o r t s ar e ma k i n g to or g a n i z e an o t h e r . " , ; • • . - " Br o . Cr i m . "M y Ch o r c h e a cn n by no me a n s be en i d to be in a^ s t a t e of KT i v a l at th i s ti m e , bu t du r i n g th e pa s t Sy u c l i c i l ye a r , I ha d a re v i v a l at Be t h e l Ch u r c h , wh i c h re s u l t e d in th e eo n v e r s i c i t of a fe w in i m o r t a i so u l s . — Th e st a t e of ti l i n g s in ni j Ch u r c h e s Ls at th i s ti i n e in t e r e s t i n g , es p e c i a l l y at St . "M a t t h e w s . " ' ' ' ' . ' ' . Cr o . Sc b e r e r . " Du r i n g th e pa s t ye a r I ha v e ra jo y e d sp e c i a l se a s o n s of re f r e s h i n g fr o m th e pr e s e n c e of th e Lo r d . At se v e r a l ea n i p - m e e t i n g s , im ma n y as 80 so u l s we r e ho p e f u l l y co n v e r t e d to Go d , an d 60 ad d e d to th e Ch u r c h " Br o . Ro t h r o c k . "T h e r e ha s be e u no sp e c i a l ou t - p o u r i n g of th e Hu l j Sp i r i t at Or g a n Ch u r c h du r i n g th e pa s t ye a r ; ye t th e pu b l i e pr e a c h i n g of th e Go s p e l ha s be e n we l l at t e n d e d , an d a ge n e r a l de s i r e ev i n c e d to re c e i v e in s t r u c t i o n fr o m th e Bi b l e — 5 3 pe r s o n s we r e , ad d e d to th e Ch u r c h by th e ri t e of co n f i r m a t i o n . " • •. ' - • _ ^r o . He i H g . "^ ' T h e at t e n d a n c e up o n th e mi n i s t r a t i o n s of Go d ' s "h o n s c is us u a l l y go o d , an d cl o s e at t e n t i o n is pa i d to th e pr e a e b c d wo r d . • I ho p e tl i w e ei C B O t i fe w wh a ha v e ex p e r i e n c e d th e sa v i n g po w e r of Go d ' s gr a c e , an d ar c go i n g on to pe r f e c t i o n . " ' ' • , • Br o . ti n n . " Th e r e ha v e be e n no ve r y sp e c i a l ma n i f e s t o t i o o s of th e D? ! . Fi n e Sp i r i t in my ch a i g e du r i n g th e ' p a s t Sy n o d l c a l ye a r . Pr e a c h i n g an d ti e or d i n a n c e s of Cr o d ' s ho u s e ha v e be e n we l l at t e n d e d . An in c i t a s e d sp i i - i t of li h e r a i l t y is ma n i f e s t . Th e r e ha s be e n a ve r y ex t e n s i v e ci r c u l a t i o n of re li g i o u s bo o k s , an d th e y ar e ca r e f u l l y re a d by th e pe o p l e ge u e r a l l y . Th e r e ha v e be e n se v e r a l co n v e r s i o n s du r i n g tl i e ye a r . " Br o . Gy o s c c I o s c . "T h e - s t a t 6 of re l i g i o n in my ch a r g e is im p v o v i u g i "B u t fe w ct r n e s of di s c i p l i n e ha v e - be e n Ji e f o r e th e Co u n c i l s . Ab o u t IC O pe r s o n s ha v e - p r o f e s s e d a ch a n g e of he a r t , 40 of wh o m ha v e un i t e d wi t h ou r Ch u r c h . My Ch u r c h e s co n t i n u e to eo u t r i b u t c li b e r a l l y to w a u l s my su p p o r t , an d th e be n e v o l e n t in s t i t u t i o n s of th e Ci i u i t h . " To u r Co m m i U e e ar c gr a t i f i e d to le a r n Ui a t du r i n g th e pa s t ye a r a co m f o r t ab l e pa r s o n a g e ha s be e n er e c t e d in th e la s t na m e d Br o t h e r s ch a r g e . Th i s no b l e ex a m p l e is co o i u i e n d e d to th e af t e n t i n n an d im i t a t i o n of al l ou r Co u - gr e g a t i o n s . . Br o . Dr e h e r i ** T h e st a t e of re l i g i o n in my ch a r g e Ls im p r o v i n g ; pr e a c h - pr a y e r - m e e t i n g s an d Sa b b a t h Sc h o o l s ar e en c o u r a g m g i y at t e n d e d . " Ex c e r p t fr o m Sy n o d Mi n u t e s fo r 18 5 5 SS v S <i P P bo t h th e Te n n e s s e e an d No r t n t. a r o i i n d oy in Le x i n g t o n . So u t h La r o i i n a , au u st i t u t i o n s bf Br o w n T t h e Te n n e s s ; e Sy n o d ma d e a Pl e a s a n t . At fi r s t me r e l y a hi g h ^e h o ° l , th e We s t e ^ r n ^ O tn o l T e l i th : ? T h V l o e a ' t l n V a " s V o o re m o t e , an d a Pf t l l p o - e " st a v e d in Mo u n t Pl e a s a n t . At ' t h e ti m e of th e co l l e g e ' s fo u n d i n g , th e Re v e r e n d Wi l l i a m An z ha d wa r n e d hi s co l l e a g u e s th a t "t h e ex p e n d i t u r e s at th e fi r s t wi l l ;l i, . . . . lb . , lb . b. SS S S i H S S S cl e a r th e co l l e g e of de b t . En t h u s i a s m al s o ra n hi g h fo r ho m e mi s s i o n s . Ma n y Ge r m a n im ^ mi g r a n t s en t e r e d th e st a t e be t w e e n 18 5 0 an d I8 6 0 , se t t l m g in th e ci t i e s A re v i t a l i z e d Mi s s i o n So c i e t y ra i s e d a th o u s a n d do l l a r s to he l p tZ e im m i g r a n t s st a r t co n g r e g a t i o n s in Wi l m i n g t o n an d Ch a r l o t t e Th e am o u n t wa s co n t r i b u t e d ou t s i d e of th e re g u l a r sy n o d i c a i bu d g e , Il n c e T h e la t t e r ra r e l y ex c e e d e d on e hu n d r e d do l l a r s in an y ye a r au d wa s ex p e n d e d al m o s t en t i r e l y fo r th e pr i n t i n g of Th e n ca m e wa r . Th e at t a c k on Fo r t Su m t e r pr o v o k e d a Fe d e r a l ^ bl o c k a d e . Al l sy n o d i c a i pr o g r a m s fa l t e r e d . En r o l l m e n t at th e co l eg CL H a < ^ - C « f S - - V- 'f T6 r. ' - f - Ri ^ ' V - i de c l i n e d as st u d e n t s en l i s t e d . Th e ne w ch u r c h in Wi l m i n g t o n su f f e r e d oc c u p a t i o n an d va n d a l i s m . Sy n o d i c a l co n v e n t i o n s we r e ca n c e l l e d or ' po o r l y at t e n d e d . Th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d , sp r e a d ov e r th r e e st a t e s , co u l d ha r d l y co l l e c t en o u g h pa s t o r s in on e pl a c e to ho l d a me e t i n g . Se c r e t a r y D. I. Dr e h e r of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d co n t r a s t e d th e pe a c e f u l se p a r a t i o n of Ab r a h a m an d Lo t wi t h th e di s p u t e d se c e s s i o n ef f o r t s of hi s ow n da y : "w o u l d to Go d th e de g e n e r a t e , an d I mu s t sa y . cr u e l an d <^ e s p o t i c Ab r a m [L i n c o l n ] of Il l i n o i s , wo u l d sa y , as th e go o d . . . Ab r a m of Ur of Ch a l d e a sa i d to hi s ki n s m a n : 'L e t th e r e be no st r i f e 1 pr a y th e e , be t w e e n me an d th e e . . .' We mu s t se p a r a t e . Th e r e is no hu m a n po w e r th a t ca n un i t e us no w , ou r un i o n is fo r e v e r br o k e n : be tw e e n No r t h an d So u t h th e r e is a 'g r e a t gu l f fi x e d ' . " Bo t h th e Te n - ne s s e e an d No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d s ex p l o r e d th e po s s i b i l i t y of jo i n i n g wi t h ot h e r st a t e sy n o d s of th e Co n f e d e r a c y to fo r m a Ge n e r a l Sy n o d of al l Co n f e d e r a t e Lu t h e r a n s an d to pu b l i s h a co m m o n ne w s p a p e r . Th e Ge n e r a l Sy n o d in th e C. S. A. wa s or g a n i z e d in 18 6 3 - at St . Ja m e s Ch u r c h , Co n c o r d , wh e r e D. I. Dr e h e r wa s pa s t o r - wi t h ev e r y so u t h e r n sy n o d ex c e p t Te n n e s s e e pa r t i c i p a t i n g . Ip o - dr a g g e d on , th e ch u r c h su f f e r e d . No r t h Ca r o l i n a Co l - uf d , ir r .u , th e en d o w m e n t ir e , t e r i /T a T" "C h o i c e wa s ma d e ; th e sy n o d nv e s t e d m Co n f e d e r a t e Bo n d s . Pa t r i o t i s m al s o le d ma n y pa s t o r s to fo u r t h mi s s i o n a r i e s to th e ar m y . Th a t du t y ke p t th e m aw a y fe r e d 'h m i - mi n i s t r i e s su f fe r e d . As th e ti d e tu r n e d ag a i n s t th e Co n f e d e r a c y , mo r a l e wa v e r e d of yo u n g me n an d ma t u r e O ho u s e h o l d e r s . Ou r ch u r c h in No r t h Ca r o l i n a , " sa i d Pr e s i d e n t G D Be r n h e i m in 18 6 4 , "i s su f f e r i n g an d bl e e d i n g at ev e r y po r e . " Al m f j T v " " ' "" t hr i n g pe a c e to th e ch u r c h . A mo s t a ye a r af t e r Ap p o m a t t o x an ob s e r v e r wr o t e : "O u r Co l l e g e is st i l l cl o s e d ; ou r mi s s i o n fi e l d s li e un c a r e d fo r , if no t qu i t e fo r g o t t e n - ou r Sa b b a t h sc h o o l s , in ma n y ca s e s , if no t cl o s e d , ha v e be e n bu t fe e b l y an d in e f f i c i e n t l y co n d u c t e d ; an d ou r me m b e r s ar e al m o s t wh o l l y wi t h o u t we e k l y pe r i o d i c a l ch u r c h li t e r a t u r e . . . So m e of ou r ch u r c h e s ou l s ^ i l h tT ' " ' ' hy di v i s i o n s an d co n t e n t i o n s up o n qu e s t i o n s ch i e f l y gr o w i n g ou t of th e wa r ; an d th o s e ha v e le d to th e L- OT th r o f h ' ' " 1 to ea c h ot h e r in v o l v i n g th e ar r a y of on e or th e ot h e r pa r t y ag a i n s t th e i r pa s t o r . . . Th a t th e wa r ha s pr o d u c e d al i e n a t i o n in th e ho u s e h o l d of fa i t h , th e r e ca n be no do u b t . " sh i n h T '' ' f "I f im m e d i a t e is s u e s ce n t e r e d on th e fu t u r e re l a t i o n - Th e ac t r" f f be e n sl a v e s an d th e i r fo r m e r ow n e r s . Th e ac t i o n of th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d in 18 6 6 ou t l i n e d th e pr o b l e m - " th e co l o r e d pe o p l e am o n g us no lo n g e r su s t a i n th e sa m e re l a t i o n to th e wh i t e ma n th e y di d fo r m e r l y , an d th a t ch a n g e ha s tr a n s f e r r r t h e di v i d u a l ob l i g a t i o n s an d re s p o n s i b i l i t y of ow n e r s to th e wh o l e Ch u r c h , .. . th e s e co l o r e d pe o p l e -0 — ^ «- h an d we fe e l it ou r im p e r a t i v e y pr e s e n t co n d i t i o n Of , et c - I t IS y . , se p a r a t e ec c l e s i a s t i c a l or g a n i z a t i o n s , so fc er y T n e c^ u l d wo r s h i p Go d wi t h th e le a s t po s s i b l e em b a r r a s s - me n t . " Du r i n g th e tw e n t y - f i v e y- - ma d e to pr o v i d e th e de s i r e s® P ^ ac h i e v e th e i r go a l s . Ho w e v e r , th e sy n o d s ^ {o r li c e n s u r e In 18 6 6 , bu t Th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d ha d a ^ g d li c e n s e d no t h i n g mo r e wa s he a r d th o s e of hi s Mi c h a e l M. jo i n e d hi m , bu t th e Sy n o d ow n ra c e . Th r e e ot n e le a d e r s ne i t h e r ap p e a r e d at ry : : o t " : :r ; a n l z e d fr e e d m e n . Ma n y pa s t o r s ha d f nd X e r a l f Ka c k an d ar e a s , es p e c i a l l y by pe r f r m i n g mM i bu i l d i n g s on al t e r n a t e wh i t e co n g r e g a t i o n s ut i l i z e d Lu t h e r a n s dw i n - Su n d a y s . Gr a d u a l l y , ho w e v e r th ® "" m b e r of bt a ^ di e d . As an —e ^t : t r s l m r e l Ho l t an d Na t h a n co n g r e g a t i o n s ^o m e su p p o r t , bu t ^v i e Co u n i ^ Pu D l i c us ^ Mo c K s v i V i e , HC (L H l l t l C . H E 5 ' V \ * 5 T 0 P . M - Lu i : Th e th r e e bl a c k pa s t o r s th e n to o k ma t t e r s in t o th e i r ow n ha n d s . In 18 8 9 th e y as k e d pe r m i s s i o n to fo r m "t h e Al p h a Sy n o d of th e Ev a n g e l i c a l Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h of Fr e e d m e n in Am e r i c a . " Pe r m i s s i o n wa s gr a n t e d , an d th e mi n u t e s of th e i r me e t i n g ar e pu b l i s h e d wi t h th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d Mi n u t e s of 18 8 9 . So o n th e Re v e r e n d W. P. Ph i f e r wa s ad d e d to th e i r sy n o d . Tw o ye a r s la t e r a re q u e s t fr o m th e Al p h a Sy n o d fo r he l p fr o m th e Mi s s o u r i Sy n o d wa s an s w e r e d , an d a mi s s i o n a r y im m e d i a t e l y wa s di s p a t c h e d . By 19 0 3 th e Mi s s o u r i Sy n o d op e n e d Im m a n u e l Co l l e g e in Co n c o r d , fo r th e ed u c a t i o n of bl a c k st u d e n t s an d th e pr e p a r a t i o n of bl a c k pa s t o r s . Th e sc h o o l so o n mo v e d to Gr e e n s b o r o , wh e r e it co n t i n u e d fo r ab o u t fi f t y ye a r s . In th i s wa y , th e Mi s s o u r i Sy n o d as s u m e d re s p o n s i b i l i t y fo r th e wo r k am o n g No r t h Ca r o l i n a bl a c k s . Wo r s h i p al s o be c a m e a po i n t of co n t r o v e r s y af t e r th e Ci v i l Wa r . Al t h o u g h Lu t h e r a n s ha d ne v e r em b r a c e d th e re v i v a l se r v i c e s of so m e ot h e r so u t h e r n de n o m i n a t i o n s wh o l e h e a r t e d l y , ma n y pa s t o r s he l d "p r o t r a c t e d me e t i n g s " ea c h ye a r . Th e Re v e r e n d Si m e o n Sc h e r e r re p o r t e d on hi s me e t i n g s in 18 7 0 : "T h e me e t i n g s fr o m fi r s t to la s t we r e ch a r a c t e r i z e d by un u s u a l at t e n t i o n to th e pr e a c h i n g of th e Wo r d , a sl o w bu t gr a d u a l in c r e a s e of pr e v a i l i n g se r i o u s n e s s an d de e p so l e m ni t y , wi t h co m p a r a t i v e l y li t t l e ou t b u r s t an d no i s y ex c i t e m e n t , ju s t as we pr e f e r , " An o t h e r pa s t o r de s c r i b e d th o s e me e t i n g s wi t h a bi t mo r e co l o r : "W h e n Re v ' s . Li n n , Sc h e r e r , Sc h e c k , Gr o s e c l o s e , Ki m b a l l , Ju l i a n an d Sh e l l go t on fi r e wi t h th e i r th e m e s ... th e pe o p l e cr i e d ou t , 'M e n an d br e t h r e n , wh a t sh a l l we do ? ' " So m e pa s t o r s us e d th e s e ^ re v i v a l - l i k e se r v i c e s to re p l a c e ca t e c h i z a t i o n . In 18 6 6 on e pa r i s h re - po r t e d 12 3 co n v e r s i o n s . Wi t h i n th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d , ho w e v e r , an d am o n g so m e pa s t o r s of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d , th e s e me t h o d s ca m e un d e r sh a r p at t a c k . Th e Re v e r e n d L. A. Cr o u s e of th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d wr o t e th a t , al t h o u g h th e Lu t h e r a n ru l e ha d al w a y s be e n to ca t e c h i z e ne w me m b e r s , th e 'e x c e p t i o n " to th e ru l e wa s be c o m i n g mo r e co m m o n : "T h i s ex c e p t i o n wa s th e hi g h pr e s s u r e , qu i c k pr o c e s s sy s t e m ; an d it s me t h o d wa s to st e a m th r o u g h as qu i c k as po s s i b l e , si n g up to th e al t a r an d gi v e th e ri g h t ha n d , th u s re v i v i n g th e ch u r c h . An d in th i s wa y th e ex c e p t i o n ha s re v i v e d ma n y co n g r e g a t i o n s to de a t h . " Wh i l e re v i v a l s co n t i n u e d to be a ma t t e r of de b a t e , th e tr e n d in No r t h Ca r o l i n a mo v e d to w a r d mo r e fo r m a l wo r s h i p pr a c t i c e s . In co m mo n wi t h ot h e r so u t h e r n sy n o d s , th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d sp o n s o r e d a ne w Bo o k of Wo r s h i p in 18 6 8 . Ea r l i e r wo r s h i p ha d be e n ce n t e r e d on th e mi n i s t e r s : "M a n y wi l l br e a t h e a si l e n t pr a y e r , th e n lo o k ab o u t to se e wh o is th e r e . Ev e r y ti m e th e do o r op e n s al l lo o k ar o u n d , pe r h a p s aw a i t i n g th e mi n i s t e r . Pr e s e n t l y th e mi n i s t e r en t e r s an d im m e d i a t e l y as c e n d s th e pu l p i t . Wh i l s t he is fi n d i n g hi s te x t an d th e hy m n s , th e ch o i r si n g s an in t r o d u c t o r y . He ar i s e s , gi v e s ou t hi s hy m n , re a d s a po r ti o n of Sc r i p t u r e . He th e n pr a y s an d al l ar e si l e n t fr o m th e fa c t th a t no Oo u n i V on e kn o w s wh a t he in t e n d s to An n o u n c e s hi s te x t an d an o t h e r hy m n , af t e r th e sm g m g hy m n , an d pr e a c h e s th e se r m o n , bo o k pr o v i d e d a fo r m of wo r - di s m i s s e s . " Th e ne w hy m n a l a si n k i n g li t u r g i c a l re s p o n s e s sh i p wh i c h of " tC s e r v i c e . Th e s e in n o v a t i o n s de m a n d e d an d in ri s i n g fo p th a n th e fo r m e r pr a c t i c e s ha d . On e mu c h mo r e of a pa s t o r wh o tr i e d to in t r o d u c e ^ pe r s o n st o o d up , be s i d e re c o r d e d sa d l y th a t , on th e Su n d a y we ha d a fu l l ho u s e at my fa m i l y . " Bu t he co n t i n u e d : ,b o i r ca m e af t e r se r - St . En o c h , an d fi f t e e n tr a i n th e m . . . vi c e , an d as k e d me to me e t t e ^ re s p o n s e s . So o n th e Th e y al l le a r n e d to si n g se r v i c e . " Ot h e r co n g r e g a t i o n , wi t h a ne w hy m n a l . Th e 18 7 2 co n - co n g r e g a t i o n s co n t i n u e d to ^ .t h e op p o s i t i o n wa s vi o l e n t ve n t i o n of sy n o d he a r d th a t , in on e pa r i s h th e op p o s i Bo t h of th e re c o m m e n d e d hy m n a l s , ho w e v e r , re i n f o r c e d tr e n d s to w a r d r i c h e r li t u r g i c a l . "m r x r iS u g h ^ e w ^ -7 ru ^ i t : rf - - - a li t u r g i c a l fo r m of wo r s h i p . De s n i t e co n t r o v e r s y an d ch a n g e , th e sy n o d s tr i e d to P" ' ' ' "P ^T n e ' L Y s T n o d , to o . at la s t in i t i a t e d pl a n s fo r an in s t i t u t i o n : nk : 17 C. H '5 T d ! K , v • ^ v b' u of hi g h e r le a r n i n g . As mo r e of it s yo u n g pe o p l e ha d de s i r e d ed u c a t i o n , th e y ha d pa t r o n i z e d th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d ' s co l l e g e at Mo u n t Pl e a s a n t , or th e Re f o r m e d Ch u r c h ' s co l l e g e at Ca t a w b a . Th e la t t e r ar r a n g e m e n t ca m e to an en d in 18 7 4 , wh e n th e Re f o r m e d Ch u r c h di d no t si d e wi t h Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d Pa s t o r J. M. Sm i t h in a de b a t e wi t h a lo c a l Me t h o d i s t mi n i s t e r . Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d le a d e r s be g a n to di s c u s s wh e r e th e y mi g h t es t a b l i s h a hi g h sc h o o l of th e i r ow n . Th e ch o i c e fi r s t fe l l on Hi c k o r y , bu t ar r a n g e m e n t s di d no t wo r k ou t . Ne w t o n an d Co n o v e r th e n we r e al s o gi v e n an op p o r t u n i t y to bi d fo r th e ne w sc h o o l . Al t h o u g h no n e of th e th r e e ci t i e s re c e i v e d a cl e a r ma j o r i t y of vo t e s , Co n o v e r ma d e th e mo s t at t r a c t i v e of f e r . Co n c o r d i a Hi g h Sc h o o l op e n e d in Co n o v e r in 18 7 7 , wi t h on e of Sm i t h ' s th e o l o g i c a l st u d e n t s , Ro b e r t A. Yo d e r , as th e pr i n c i p a l . Th r e e ye a r s la t e r th e na m e be c a m e Co n c o r d i a Co l l e g e , ' an d in 18 8 3 th e sy n o d ac c e p t e d it un d e r it s "f o s t e r i n g ca r e . " Wi t h a co l l e g e of it s ow n , th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d ne x t de c i d e d to ca l l a th e o l o g i c a l pr o f e s s o r , so th a t it co u l d ed u c a t e it s ow n ca n d i d a t e s fo r th e mi n i s t r y . In 18 8 5 it re s o l v e d to as s e s s ea c h co n g r e g a t i o n an am o u n t su f f i c i e n t to pr o v i d e $8 0 0 an n u a l l y fo r a th e o l o g i c a l pr o f e s s o r ' s sa l a r y . Li k e it s si s t e r sy n o d in No r t h Ca r o l i n a , It no w ha d be c o m e mo r e th a n an ad v i s o r y bo d y ; it ha d as s u m e d fi n a n ci a l re s p o n s i b i l i t y fo r an in s t i t u t i o n . Ir o n i c a l l y , pr o g r e s s pr o v e d fa t a l . Al t h o u g h th e st u d e n t bo d y at Co n c o r d i a in c r e a s e d an d pr o s p e c t s lo o k e d br i g h t , at t e m p t s to la u n c h a $1 0 , 0 0 0 bu i l d i n g ca m p a i g n pr e c i p i t a t e d a ne w cr i s i s . Ma n y sy n o d me m be r s ha d no t be e n ha p p y wi t h th e de c i s i o n to lo c a t e th e co l l e g e in Co n o v e r . Ex p e n s i v e bu i l d i n g s wo u l d ma k e th a t lo c a t i o n pe r m a n e n t . ^ Ra t h e r th a n in v e s t $1 0 , 0 0 0 mo r e at Co n o v e r , ma n y pe o p l e , in c l u d i n g Co n c o r d i a Pr e s i d e n t Ro b e r t A. Yo d e r an d hi s fa c u l t y , ur g e d th a t th e co l l e g e be mo v e d to Hi c k o r y . Wh e n th e i r re q u e s t wa s re f u s e d , Yo d e r an d th e fa c u l t y re s i g n e d . Pa c e d wi t h an em e r g e n c y , th e Bo a r d of Tr u s t e e s ap p o i n t e d in t e r i m in s t r u c t o r s fo r th e 18 9 1 - 9 2 ac a d e m i c ye a r an d im m e d i a t e l y wr o t e to th e En g l i s h Di s t r i c t of th e Mi s s o u r i Sy n o d fo r he l p in lo c a t i n g qu a l i f i e d fa c u l t y me m b e r s . Ea r l i e r ex c h a n g e s of de l e g a t e s an d co r r e s p o n d e n c e wi t h th e co n s e r v a t i v e mi d w e s t e r n bo d y ma d e th e ap p r o a c h a na t u r a l on e . By 18 9 2 Mi s s o u r i Sy n o d te a c h e r s we r e on th e sc e n e , an d si n c e th e Bo a r d of Tr u s t e e s ha d ma d e th e ap po i n t m e n t s wi t h o u t co n s u l t i n g th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d , th e la t t e r bo d y dr o p p e d it s in t e r e s t in Co n c o r d i a Co l l e g e . In th e me a n t i m e , a ne w co l l e g e ha d be e n fo u n d e d in Hi c k o r y . Ba c k wh e n th e lo c a t i o n of Co n c o r d i a Co l l e g e ha d fi r s t be e n di s c u s s e d . Co l o n e l Wa l t e r W. Le n o i r ha d of f e r e d la n d in Hi c k o r y . In hi s wi l l , Co l o n e l Le n o i r le f t th e la n d , pl u s so m e ad j o i n i n g pr o p e r t y , fo r th e es t a b l i s h m e n t of a hi g h sc h o o l or co l l e g e . Th e Tr u s t e e of th i s es t a t e on c e ag a i n ap p r o a c h e d pa s t o r s in Hi c k o r y an d re n e w e d th e of f e r in 18 9 0 , th e ye a r of Co l o n e l Le n o i r ' s de a t h . Th e tw o Hi c k o r y pa s t o r s he l d Oa V W Co i i n t y Pu D i i c Mo c k s v i l l e . ^ -~ V V f •• ) • ;r / . r r •i t : - , . : ] , ' i . li D i a P ! Le n o i r Co l l e g e , 18 9 9 re s p o n s i b l e po s i t i o n s in th e sy n o d ; th e Re v e r e n d J. C. Mo s e r ha d se r v e d as pr e s i d e n t of Co n c o r d i a Co l l e g e an d th e Re v e r e n d A. L. Gr o u s e ha d be e n a tr u s t e e . Th e pa s t o r s , in tu r n , di s c u s s e d th e po s s i b i l i t y of a mo v e pr i v a t e l y wi t h Pr e s i d e n t Yo d e r an d Pr o f e s s o r W. P. Cl i n e , an d al l fo u r me n ag r e e d th a t th e Co l l e g e wo u l d ha v e be t t e r pr o s p e c t s of su c c e s s in Hi c k o r y . A sp e c i a l me e t i n g of th e sy n o d wa s ca l l e d in De c e m b e r of 18 9 0 , bu t a ma j o r i t y of tw o vo t e s ma i n t a i n e d th e lo c a t i o n in Co n o v e r . Pr e s i d e n t Yo d e r re s i g n e d wi t h i n a we e k , an d af t e r ex t e n s i v e ne g o t i a t i o n th e re s i g n a t i o n wa s ac c e p t e d — ef f e c t i v e in Ma y . Yo d e r , Cl i n e an d th e Hi c k o r y pa s t o r s im m e d i a t e l y pr o c e e d e d to ne g o t i a t e wi t h th e tr u s t e e in Hi c k o r y . Th e y ga v e pe r s o n a l no t e s to me e t th e te r m s of th e of f e r — $1 0 , 0 0 0 en d o w m e n t an d bu i l d i n g s su i t a b l e fo r 15 0 st u d e n t s — an d we r e re a d y to op e n Le n o i r Co l l e g e in Se p t e m b e r of 18 9 1 . Ro b e r t A. Yo d e r be c a m e fi r s t pr e s i d e n t ; A. L. Gr o u s e wa s el e c t e d th e o l o g i c a l pr o f e s s o r . By 18 9 5 th e sy n o d ad o p t e d Le n o i r Co l l e g e , pl e d g i n g it s "h e a r t y mo r a l an d fi n a n c i a l su p p o r t . " As bo t h sy n o d s as s u m e d ne w re s p o n s i b i l i t i e s fo r ed u c a t i o n , th e y we r e al s o in c r e a s i n g th e te m p o of th e i r ho m e mi s s i o n ac t i v i t y . Ne w co n g r e g a t i o n s ha d be e n es t a b l i s h e d at th e ra t e of ab o u t fi v e pe r de c a d e in th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d , an d te n pe r de c a d e in th e Te n ne s s e e Sy n o d . Al t h o u g h th e la t t e r sy n o d or g a n i z e d mo r e co n g r e g a t i o n s , th e si z e of th o s e co n g r e g a t i o n s wa s so m e w h a t sm a l l e r th a n th e av e r a g e in th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d . Af t e r 18 7 0 , ho w e v e r , CA T A L O G U E OF LE N O I R CO L L E G E . GO V E R N M E N T . Th e in s t i t u t i o n is un d e r th e su p e r v i s i o n of a Bo a r d of Tr u s t e e s . Th e st u d e n t s in al l th e de p a r t m e n t s ar e go v er n e d by th e Fa c u l t y . Th e y wi l l be le d to re g a r d th e in st i t u t i o n as a ho m e , in wh i c h al l sh a r e in co m m o n du t i e s as we l l as co m m o n pr i v i l e g e s . A hi g h es t i m a t e of ch a r a c te r an d a lo v e of th e ri g h t fo r it s ow n sa k e wi l l be in c u l ca t e d . Mo r e se v e r e me a s u r e s wi l l be em p l o y e d , if ne c e s sa r y , to .s e c u r e di s c i p l i n e — e x p u l s i o n as th e la s t re s o r t . No op e n l y im m o r a l , id l e , or di s o b e d i e n t st u d e n t wi l l be re c e i v e d or re t a i n e d in th e in s t i t u t i o n . Ve r y fe w po s i t i v e ru l e s ar e la i d do w n . Ev e r y st u d e n t is ex p e c t e d to co n d u c t hi m s e l f ac c o r d i n g to th e di c t a t e s of a Ch r i s t i a n co n s c i e n c e . Th e fo l l o w i n g , ho w e v e r , ma y be no t e d : I. — W H A T IS RE Q U I R E D . 1. Da i l y at t e n d a n c e at ch a p e l se r v i c e . 2. At t e n d a n c e at ch u r c h an d Su n d a y - s c h o o l on th e Lo r d ' s Da y . 3. A st r i c t ob s e r v a n c e of st u d y ho u r s . 4. Pe r m i s s i o n to le a v e th e Co l l e g e , or to w n . 5. Ex c u s e s fo r ab s e n c e fr o m re c i t a t i o n s . 6. Co m p l i a n c e wi t h al l th e re q u i r e m e n t s of th e Fa c u l t y . II . — W H A T IS PR O H I B I T E D . 1. As s o c i a t i o n of la d i e s an d ge n t l e m e n du r i n g th e fi ve sc h o o l da y s of th e we e k . 2. Ca r d pl a y i n g , or ot h e r ga m e s of ch a n c e , th e us e of in t o x i c a t i n g dr i n k s , an d pr o f a n e or ob s c e n e la n g u a g e . 3. Th e ab u s e of bu i l d i n g s or fu n i i t u r e of th e Co l l e g e . 4. Al l se c r e t so c i e t i e s . St u d e n t Re g u l a t i o n s , Le n o i r Co l l e g e Ca t a l o g u e , 18 9 1 - 1 8 9 2 th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d be g a n to eq u a l th e re c o r d of he r si s t e r sy n o d L fo u n d T n g ne w co n g r e g a t i o n s . A sm a l l gi f t fo r '• C h n r c h Ex en s j o n fr o m St . En o c h ' s co n g r e g a t i o n st i m u l a t e d Th e fu n d wh i c h am o u n t e d to ne a r l y tw o th o u s a n d do l l a r s by 19 0 2 . Th e de c a d e fr o m 18 9 1 to 19 0 0 sa w el e v e n co n g r e g a t i o n s or g a n i z e d . Tw o st r o n g ci t y co n g r e g a t i o n s , Fi r s t , Al b e m a r l e (1 8 8 0 ) an d Au g s b u r g , Wi n s t o n - S a l e m (1 8 9 1 ) ap p e a r e d in th i s er a . Th e br o k e a lo n g - s t a n d i n g ru l e an d se t up a ce n t r a l tr e a s u r y P po r t of Ho m e Mi s s i o n s in 18 7 6 . Th i s st e p gr e a t l y st r e n g t h e n e d th e id e a of a ce n t r a l sy n o d i c a l au t h o r i t y am o n g th a t gr o u p . Ob v i o u s l y , in c r e a s e d re s p o n s i b i l i t y de m a n d e d in c r e a s e d re so u r c e s . an d in th e ea r l y 18 7 0 ' s th e sy n o d s di s c o v e r e d a ne w me a n s of "s y s t e m a t i c be n e v o l e n c e " wh i c h he l p e d ma k e la t e r gr o w t h po s s i b l e Pr i o r to 18 7 0 , th e sy n o d s de p e n d e d up o n an n u a l co l l e c t i o n s co n g r e g a t i o n s fo r fu n d s to pr i n t mi n u t e s an d to pa y tr a v e l ex p e n s e s fo r re p r e s e n t a t i v e s to ot h e r sy n o d i c a l co n v e n t i o n s . Th e me t h o d wa s ha p h a z a r d an d pr o d u c e d ba r e l y en o u g h mo n e y to co v e r pn n t m g co s t s . "A co l l e c t i o n is an n o u n c e d fo r a ce r t a i n Su n d a y - ma y b e on th e ve r y Su n d a y on wh i c h th e co l l e c t i o n is to be ta k e n up - to be de v o t e d , sa y , to ed u c a t i n g ou r mi n i s t r y . Th e n th e bo x is se n t ro u n d ; th e ^^ ^ e r ® wh o ha p p e n to be pr e s e n t - of t e n ve r y fe w - th o s e of th e m wh o fe e l di s p o s e d to do so m e t h i n g sl i p th e i r ha n d s in t o th e i r po c k e t s an d ta k e ou t fi v e or te n ce n t s , an d so m e ma y b e ev e n a do l l a r , an d dr o p it in t o th e bo x . Th i s , th e n , re p e a t e d tw o or th r e e ti m e s du r i n g th e ye a r is th e wa y in wh i c h th e gr e a t ma c h i n e r y of th e ch u r c h fo r sp r ^ d i n g th e go s p e l to th e en d s of th e ea r t h is to be ke p t in mo t i o n . " Th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d av e r a g e d co n t r i b u t i o n s of si x ce n t s pe r me m b e r ca u s e s in 18 7 2 . Ab o u t th a t ti m e , mo s t so u t h e r n sy n o d s in t r o d u c e d th e "M i t e Bo x , " or th e "L o r d ' s Tr e a s u r y . " Th i s li t t l e bo x or ha n k wa s pl a c e d in ev e r y ho m e , an d fa m i l i e s we r e ur g e d to so m e t h i n g ev e r y "f i r s t da y of th e we e k . " Ev e r y th r e e ^« " t h s th e bo x e s we r e op e n e d an d th e co n t e n t s gi v e n to th e co n g r e g a t i o n a l tr e a s u r e r . Th i s sy s t e m a t i c wa y pr o v i d e d va s t l y mo r e mo n e y fo r al l e ed u c a t i o n a l an d mi s s i o n a r y pr o g r a m s wh i c h be c a m e ch a r a c t e r i s t i c ol sy n o d s du r i n g th i s er a . Fo r e i g n mi s s i o n s ex c i t e d No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n s in 18 8 5 , an d an o t h e r si g n i f i c a n t ch a n g e oc c u r r e d in sy n o d i c a l li f e . Al t h o u g h bo t h sy n o d s ha d or g a n i z e d Ed u c a t i o n an d Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t i e s ge n e r a t i o n s be f o r e , th e s e "s o c i e t i e s " me t on l y at th e an n u a l co n v e n t i o n s of sy n o d an d co n s i s t e d ch i e f l y of cl e r g y m e n . Th e "s o c i e t i e s " we r e li t t e mo r e th a n ye a r l y ra l l i e s or fu n d - r a i s i n g me e t i n g s . Th e r e we r e fe w op po r t u n i t i e s fo r la y in v o l v e m e n t in th e wi d e r wo r k of th e Ch u r c h Th e n , in 18 8 5 , a mi s s i o n a r y bo u n d fo r In d i a vi s i t e d No r t h Ca r o l i n a . Hi s ap pe a l fo r su p p o r t st i m u l a t e d th e or g a n i z a t i o n of "W o m e n s Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t i e s " - an d th e id e a of an "a u x i l i a r y " wa s bo r n . v. n , ti l • ml . 1 n IP ' •' n '. ' ¤ , «' v < , ^ ' , •' ^ . < ^ ^ ,^ W » c U » a t i Da n i e l ' s Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h , bu i l t in 18 8 9 Si x lo c a l mi s s i o n a r y so c i e t i e s or g a n i z e d in 18 8 5 . By th e ne x t ye a r th e r e we r e fo u r t e e n , an d th e "W o m e n ' s Ho m e an d Fo r e i g n Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t y of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n Sy n o d " co u n t e d $2 7 5 in co n tr i b u t i o n s . Th e id e a ca u g h t th e im a g i n a t i o n an d en t h u s i a s m of wo m e n in ev e r y co n g r e g a t i o n . A we e k of pr a y e r ob s e r v a n c e be g a n in 18 8 5 . Th a n k of f e r i n g s , bi r t h d a y of f e r i n g s , mi t e bo x e s , an d ho n o r a r y me m be r s h i p s sw e l l e d th e co n t r i b u t i o n s . Mi n i s t e r s ' wi v e s we r e as k e d to do n a t e fe e s wh i c h th e i r hu s b a n d s ha d re c e i v e d fo r pe r f o r m i n g ma r r i a g e s "o n th e da t e ne a r e s t Ch r i s t m a s . " By 18 9 2 th e mi s s i o n a r y so c i e t i e s we r e di v i d i n g $7 0 0 ea c h ye a r be t w e e n ho m e an d fo r e i g n ca u s e s , wi t h al l mo n e y in ex c e s s of $7 0 0 go i n g to su p p o r t th e "W o m e n ' s Sp e c i a l " co n g r e g a t i o n , Ma c e d o n i a in Bu r l i n g t o n . Ja p a n wa s th e ov e r s e a s fi e l d to wh i c h th e wo m e n ga v e pa r t i c u l a r at t e n t i o n ; in ad di t i o n , th r e e pa s t o r s , th e Re v s . R. B. Pe e r y an d A. J. St i r e w a l t of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d , an d th e Re v e r e n d C. K. Li p p a r d of th e Te n - ne s s e e . S y n o d , se r v e d in Ja p a n as mi s s i o n a r i e s of th e Un i t e d Sy n o d of th e So u t h . In th e pr o c e s s of or g a n i z i n g wo m e n ' s so c i e t i e s , au x i l i a r i e s fo r ch i l d r e n an d yo u n g pe o p l e al s o de v e l o p e d . At fi r s t a pa r t of th e Wo m e n ' s Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t y , th e Ch i l d r e n ' s Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t y wa s fo u n d e d in 18 8 6 . Ea c h ch i l d me m b e r pa i d an n u a l du e s of tw e n t y - f i v e ce n t s , wh i c h he l p e d to su p p o r t th e wo r k of th e pa r e n t so c i e t y . Yo u n g pe o p l e al s o ba n d e d to g e t h e r fo r si m i l a r pu r p o s e s . Th e st u d e n t s at Mo n t Am o e n a Fe m a l e Se m i n a r y , th e Gi r l ' s Gu i l d of Ch a r l o t t e , th e Lu t h e r Le a g u e of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d an d th e Yo u n g Pe o p l e ' s So c i e t y of th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d al l co n t r i b u t e d to th e gr e a t ca u s e of (I h I x R C H E S - H I, 5 to V - )- U T h i , ( ^ A W ov e r s e a s ev a n g e l i s m . Th e s e ne w au x i l i a r i e s in v o l v e d ma n y mo r e pe r so n s th a n fo r m e r l y in pr o g r a m s of ed u c a t i o n an d se r v i c e . By 19 0 3 th e po t e n t i a l of th i s mo v e m e n t ha d sc a r c e l y be e n to u c h e d . As on e lo o k s ba c k ov e r th e ha l f - c e n t u r y pr e c e d i n g 19 0 0 , on e se e s im p o r t a n t pa r a l l e l s be t w e e n th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a an d Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d s . Bo t h ha d gr o w n fr o m ad v i s o r y bo d i e s wi t h li t t l e po w e r to st r o n g ju r i s d i c t i o n s wi t h au t h o r i t y to re g u l a t e pa s t o r a l re l a t i o n s h i p s , fi n a n c i a l pr o g r a m s , mi s s i o n a r y st r a t e g y an d ed u c a t i o n a l in s t i t u t i o n s . In wo r s h i p an d do c t r i n e th e y we r e al s o mo v i n g to w a r d a co m m o n po s i t i o n . In fa c t th e re a s o n s fo r se p a r a t i o n be g a n to bl u r , an d se v e r a l mi n i s t e r s in ea c h sy n o d ra i s e d th e po s s i b i l i t y of re u n i o n . As ea r l y as 18 7 0 , bo t h sy n o d s ap p r o v e d me r g e r di s c u s s i o n s , wh i c h we r e he l d at Mo u n t Pl e a s a n t th e ne x t ye a r . Th e di s c u s s i o n of re u n i o n di s c l o s e d so m e se r i o u s te n s i o n s wi t h i n th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d . Al t h o u g h it wa s ea s y to re a c h ag r e e m e n t on th e o l o g y an d li t u r g y , th e pr a c t i c e of re v i v a l s st i l l ca u s e d fr i c t i o n . Te n ne s s e e Sy n o d de l e g a t e s la t e r re p o r t e d to th e i r sy n o d th a t th e y ha d do n e li t t l e bu t li s t e n to th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d pa s t o r s de b a t e am o n g th e m s e l v e s . A "B a s i s " fo r un i o n di d ul t i m a t e l y ap p e a r , bu t de t a i l s co u l d no t fi n d co n s e n s u s on bo t h si d e s . Wi t h i n th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d a co m m i t t e e ap p o i n t e d to in v e s t i g a t e sy n o d i c a l se n ti m e n t on th e qu e s t i o n of re v i v a l s re f u s e d to re c o m m e n d a co u r s e of ac ti o n be c a u s e an y de c i s i o n wo u l d "d i s t r a c t an d di v i d e " th e ch u r c h . Me r g e r ne g o t i a t i o n s we r e po s t p o n e d fo r fi v e ye a r s , an d ne v e r se r i o u s l y at t e m p t e d ag a i n un t i l af t e r 19 0 0 . ^ De s p i t e th e s e di f f i c u l t i e s , th e sy n o d s di d ma n a g e ce r t a i n ty p e s of co o p e r a t i o n . Th e ma j o r in s t r u m e n t fo r th e i r co m m o n wo r k wa s th e Un i t e d Sy n o d of th e So u t h , or g a n i z e d in 18 8 6 . Th i s ge n e r a l bo d y , em br a c i n g al m o s t al l Lu t h e r a n s in th e So u t h e a s t , wa s th e de s c e n d a n t of th e bo d y wh i c h ha d be e n es t a b l i s h e d in th e Co n f e d e r a c y du r i n g th e Ci v i l Wa r . Fo r a fe w ye a r s in th e 18 7 0 ' s , ne i t h e r of th e tw o sy n o d s in No r t h Ca r o l i n a be l o n g e d to a ge n e r a l bo d y , bu t la y m e n of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d en c o u r a g e d it to re j o i n it s so u t h e r n ne i g h b o r s in 18 8 0 , an d a si m i l a r im p u l s e am o n g Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d co n g r e g a t i o n s br o u g h t th e mo r e co m p r e h e n s i v e un i o n in 18 8 6 . Ch i e f l y an ad v i s o r y bo d y , th e Un i t e d Sy n o d of th e So u t h di d co o r d i n a t e ho m e an d fo r e i g n mi s s i o n a r y ef f o r t s , su p p o r t So u t h e r n Se m i n a r y , an d pu b l i s h a Co m m o n Se r v i c e fo r wo r s h i p . Al l of th e s e po w e r s , ho w e v e r , ha d to be de l e g a t e d sp e c i f i c a l l y by th e sy n o d s . Ev e n th o u g h th e me m b e r sy n o d s ha d lo n g ab a n d o n e d th e id e a th a t th e y ha d on l y re c o m m e n d a t o r y po w e r s , th e y re s i s t e d gi v i n g st r o n g e r po w e r s to a re g i o n a l bo d y . It wo u l d ta k e se v e r a l ge n e r a t i o n s be f o r e a ne w vi s i o n of co o p e r a t i v e ef f o r t wo u l d ch a l l e n g e th e m to re o r i e n t th e i r th i n k i n g . yJ U Q U C Oa M * e "T h e Ki n g ' s Bu s i n e s s an d My Bu s i n e s s 19 0 3 -1 9 4 7 On th e ni g h t of Oc t o b e r 9. 19 0 3 . Pi l g r i m Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h - ju s t co m p l t e S s be f o r e - bu r n e d to th e gr o u n d . Th e Da v i d s o n Co u n t y co n g r e g a t i o n wa s on e of th e ol d e s t in No r t h Ca r o l i n a , tr a c i n g it s hi s t L v ha c k to 17 5 4 . By th e tu r n of th e ce n t u r y , ho w e v e r it ha d di v i d e d in t o tw o wo r s h i p p i n g co m m u n i t i e s , on e ah g n e d wi t h th e Te n - ts s e e Co d an d on e wi t h th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d . Sa l e of th e i r pr e v i o u s ho u s e of wo r s h i p ha d pr o v i d e d th e s e tw o gr o u p s wi t h en o u g h mo u T t o co n s t r u c t a ne w bu i l d i n g , bu t th e di s a s t r o u s fi r e le f t th e m wi t h ne i t h e r ca p i t a l no r ch u r c h . Nn r t h Th e cr i s i s le d to co o p e r a t i o n . Pa s t o r Pe y t o n Wa d e of th e No r t Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d an d Pa s t o r C. h. Mi l l e r of th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d co m fe r r e d wi t h ea c h ot h e r an d wi t h th e i r re s p e c t i v e co n g r e g a t i o n s . Th e y ag r e e d to me r g e an d to jo i n th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d . On c e un i t e d th e y st a r t e d to re b u i l d , de d i c a t i n g th e i r ne w ch u r c h se v e n mo n t h s la t e r "t h e la t t e r ho u s e be i n g mo r e be a u t i f u l th a n th e fo r m e . Th e st o r y of Pi l g r i m Ch u r c h is a pa t t e r n fo r l- g e r mo v e m e ^ to w a r d co o p e r a t i o n be t w e e n th e se p a r a t e d si s t e r sy n o d s af t e r 19 0 3 . 1 Tv e Z in s t a n c e s mu t u a l ne e d s nu d g e d th e Te n n e s s e e an d No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d s cl o s e r to on e an o t h e r un t i l , m a su d d e n bu r s t of ac ti v i t y , un i o n wa s ac h i e v e d . As in th e ca s e of Pi i g r i m Ch u r c h , th e la t t e st a t e wa s be t t e r th a n th e fo r m e r . xT r ^ - « + ' u Fi n a n c i a l pr e s s u r e s at No r t h Ca r o l i n a Co l l e g e fo r c e d th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d to ex p i o r e po s s i b i l i t i e s fo r co o p e r a t i o n in cd u c a t on wi t h th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d . In 19 0 2 a co m m i t t e e ha d re p o r t e d th e co l l e g e to ha v e "i n s u f f i c i e n t mo n e y , in a d e q u a t e re s o u r c e s , no en co u r a g i n g pr o s p e c t s , an d no ch e e r i n g ho p e s . " Th e co m m i t t e e su g g e s t e d th a t op e r a t i o n s at th e co l l e g e be su s p e n d e d fo r a ye a r , an d tL t st u d e n t s on sc h o l a r s h i p s no lo n g e r be re q u i r e d to at t e n d th e sc h o o l in Mt . Pl e a s a n t . Th e Sy n o d th e n de c i d e d to ac c e p t an ea r l i e r ap pr o a c h fr o m th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d co n c e r n i n g co n s o l i d a t i o n of Lu t h e r a n ed u c a t i o n in th e st a t e . At th a t ti m e th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d ow n e d Le n o i r Co l l e g e an d al s o re c o g n i z e d Ga s t o n Co l l e g e , wh i c h wa s dw a P - C H t S - H \ S T O R ' ^ - i- a T n « . R . A v J s SM I « ' . ^M i h A I 10 . ^ ^ 8 ^ 1 1 M if f l n f f " i —r !> • ■ « « SS * . * pr i v a t e l y op e r a t e d by a me m t e r M^ o n t Am o e n a Sy n o d , ol ao o r a e . "" • ; » » " > 2. ~ s e i Ht r b e t h Co n . g . , a —S o ! : . e " o ; r . ; d t . s - » J ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ TH e ,. . . t lo r .. e p e r a ^ ; -S U f r o S r^ . « « be e n re s o l v e d so o n e r if Le n o co n f i d e n t . Th e fa c t wa s No r t h Ca r o l i n a Co l l e g e ha d ° ^ di d no t se e th e ne e d ho w e v e r , th a t Le n o i r Co l l e g e w co n t i n u e d to gr o w , an d it s fo r co o p e r a t i o n wi t h qo O fr o m Mr . Da v i d Rh y n e in 19 2 2 . fu t u r e wa s se c u r e d by a gi f t of ^^ O M O O ^ No r t h Ca r o l i n a Co l l e g e , on th e >, it s pr o g r a m to cl e a r l y de f i n e d mi s s i o n th e ju n i o r co l l e g e le v e l an d „i i i t a r v el e m e n t in it s cu r r i c u l u m . In s t i t u t e . " Th e n it in t r o d u c e d a mi l i t a r y 3^ h o o l . it Me a n w h i l e , al t h o u g h p. Mc A l l i s t e r . He be c a m e th e tu r n e d ov e r ma n a g e m e n t to Co l . Ce ^ o r g ^ pr e s i d e n t of th e in s t i t u t i o n th e ch i e f sp i r a t i o n to ge n e r a t i o n s of s u • . gy n o d i c a l ge s t u r e s to te r e d on th e ed g e of ^s o l v e n c y We l l ^ e a m n g sy ^ so l v e th e sc h o o l ' s P^ ^ l e n a s pr o b a b l y dM .g ye a r th e sy n o d ap p r o p r i a t e d '° J j „ „ d i n g dr i v e s fi z z l e d . "A l l ef - an d on bu i l d i n g ma i n t e n a n c e . g ja i l e d . " de c l a r e d Sy n o d fo r t s to ra l l y th e pe o p t e ar o u n d fo r th e Pr e s i d e n t V. Y. Bo o z e r m 1 • 1 ^n m e nl a c e wh e r e it ca n be t - Sy n o d to se r i o u s l y co n s i d e r it s '° ; ; ' ; j g g„ „, u e h ne e d e d . " In te r ac c o m p l i s h th e wo r k fo r ou r yo S of ne g o t i a t i o n s wi t h re s p o n s e , th e sy n o d vo t e d to eH o r t . ho w e v e r . Le n o i r Co l l e g e . Th e is s u e o co ma i n t a i n se p a r a t e sc h o o l s fo r si n c e th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d ho p d t m- n t a i n ^ s e p ^ ^ , ^ ^ . ^ ^ me n an d wo m e n , wh i l e th e Te n n e s s e y Mo u n t co e d u c a t i o n a l ar r a n g e m e n t a ' Am o e n a Se m i n a r y co n t i n u e d to ^" r h T x " ^ ^ ^ -— ne e f s r pl e a d e d Co l . Mc A l l i s t e r In 19 2 0 . Th e r e wa s no an s w e r ^ Th p ot h e r ma j o r Im p e t u s ^- - d co o p e r a t i o n be t ^ ca m e fr o m ex p a n d i n g ho m e J^ ^ a ^ mi s s i o n a r y No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d be g a n as k i g ^ ne w fi e l d s , sh o u l d be em p l o y e d to ca r e fo r ^n n t Pa ™ h e s an ^ P A fu l l - t i m e ma n wa s pl a c e d m th e fi e l d le s s th a n ^ ^ In ^ g j pa n s l o n fo l l o w e d . In th e de c a d e ^d ta th e st a t e . Th i s ni n e t e e n Lu t h e r a n co n g r e g a io n s 19 5 0 ' s Ye t fu n d s we r e =i . r r . . r . , s . » 3 3 ^ S" 1 « r A T f S . ! X 3 ^ ^ .: . b » . sb " « i "• tH a U C H t S - K1 5 TO RV - I 'a - \ rf t R r^ \ ^ ai m e d at av o i d i n g co m p e t i t i o n . Ea c h sy n o d ag r e e d to st a y ou t of co m mu n i t i e s wh i c h ha d be e n "p r e o c c u p i e d " by th e ot h e r bo d y an d to ad vi s e me m b e r s mo v i n g in t o th o s e co m m u n i t i e s to jo i n ex i s t i n g co n g r e g a t i o n s . Al t h o u g h no t al w a y s ob s e r v e d , th e ag r e e m e n t re p r e s e n t e d on e mo r e st e p on th e ro a d to cl o s e r fe l l o w s h i p . Th e mo s t im p o r t a n t el e m e n t in th e pr o c e s s ma y ac t u a l l y ha v e be e n th e pr e s u p po s i t i o n , fi r s t ag r e e d to in 19 0 5 , th a t th e tw o sy n o d s we r e "c o n - fe s s i o n a l l y th e sa m e in do c t r i n e , cl o s e l y co n n e c t e d ge o g r a p h i c a l l y , an d la r g e l y th e sa m e in pr a c t i c e . " 19 1 4 br o u g h t th e ca t a l y s t th a t le d to un i o n . A co m m i t t e e ap po i n t e d to de v i s e pl a n s fo r th e pr o p e r ce l e b r a t i o n of th e 40 0 t h an ni v e r s a r y of th e Re f o r m a t i o n ch a l l e n g e d th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d to op e n ne g o t i a t i o n s wi t h th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d co n c e r n i n g a pl a n "t o un i t e al l Lu t h e r a n s of th e St a t e of No r t h Ca r o l i n a in t o on e sy n o d i c a l bo d y . " Th e vi s i o n ex t e n d e d be y o n d lo c a l un i o n ; it al s o in c l u d e d un i o n of th r e e Lu t h e r a n bo d i e s in th e Un i t e d St a t e s an d Ca n a d a . Th e Te n ne s s e e Sy n o d ac c e p t e d th e of f e r , an d wi t h i n a ye a r mo s t as p e c t s of un i o n ha d be e n se t t l e d . On e is s u e re m a i n e d un r e s o l v e d . Hi s t o r i c a l l y , th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d ha d ta k e n a st r o n g ^ s t a n d ag a i n s t me m b e r s h i p in "o a t h - b o u n d se c r e t so c i e t i e s , " wh i l e th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d ha d be e n mo r e to l e r a n t . Un i o n ne g o t i a t i o n s co u l d no t se t t l e th i s si n g l e pr a c t i c a l po i n t , no t ju s t be c a u s e of th e do c t r i n a l di f f e r e n c e s , bu t al s o be c a u s e so m e pa s t o r s he l d in s u r a n c e th r o u g h th e lo d g e s . Ir o n i c a l l y , th e hu r d l e wa s cl e a r e d by me r g e r at th e na t i o n a l le v e l . In 19 1 8 bo t h Q sy n o d s be c a m e me m b e r s of a ne w ge n e r a l bo d y , th e Un i t e d Lu t h e r a n ^ Ch u r c h in Am e r i c a . Wh i l e bo t h of th e m ha d pr e v i o u s l y be e n me m b e r s of th e Un i t e d Sy n o d , So u t h , th a t ag e n c y di d no t re q u i r e mu c h of it s co n s t i t u e n t sy n o d s . On e of th e pr i n c i p l e s of th e ne w bo d y wa s th a t sy n o d s sh o u l d be ge o g r a p h i c a l an d sh o u l d no t ov e r l a p . Th a t pr i n c i p l e sp e l l e d th e en d of th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d , wh i c h ha d co n g r e g a t i o n s in th r e e st a t e s oc c u p i e d by ot h e r sy n o d s . Th e Un i t e d Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h wo r k e d ou t a me t h o d by wh i c h th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d wo u l d jo i n th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d to fo r m a ne w bo d y , th e Un i t e d Ev a n g e l i c a l Lu t h e r a n Sy n o d of No r t h Ca r o l i n a . Af t e r me r g e r , th e co n g r e g a t i o n s of th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d in Vi r g i n i a an d So u t h Ca r o l i n a wo u l d be tr a n s fe r r e d to th e sy n o d s in th o s e st a t e s . Th e me r g e r co n v e n t i o n me t in Sa l i s b u r y on Ma r c h 2, 19 2 1 . Ea c h sy n o d ha d co n v e n e d in sp e c i a l se s s i o n th e da y be f o r e , th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d at Ha v e n Ch u r c h an d th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d at St . Jo h n ' s Ch u r c h . Af t e r jo i n t wo r s h i p se r v i c e s th e de l e g a t e s ap p r o v e d a co n st i t u t i o n an d el e c t e d of f i c e r s . A se a l be a r i n g th e po r t r a i t of Ma r t i n Lu t h e r ab o v e cl a s p e d ha n d s re p r e s e n t e d th e ne w se n s e of id e n t i t y an d co o p e r a t i o n of th e Un i t e d Sy n o d of No r t h Ca r o l i n a . Pr e s i d e n t Ja c o b L. Mo r g a n of th e fo r m e r No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d wa s el e c t e d pr e s i d e n t , an d th e Re v . H. B. Sc h a e f f e r of th e fo r m e r Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d wa s el e c - Re v e r e n d Ja c o b Le v i Mo r g a n te d se c r e t a r y . Th e ch o i c e of tr e a s u r e r wa s ob v i o u s : Ja m e s D- ha d se r v e d th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d in th a t sL , Ch a r l e s S. He i l i g , wo u l d su c c e e d hi m an d co n t i n u e th e fa m i l y tr a d i t i o n un b i m h . ^ d ^ n t , an ex c e l l e n t ch o i c e Ed u c a t e d by th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d at it s ow n co l l e g e an d eX a r y he ha d Lp e r i e n c e as a pa r i s h pa s t o r an d as a sy n o d i c a l mi s s i o n a r ' y . Hi s de d i c a t i o n to ex p a n s i o n of th e ch u r c h , vi g o r o u s le a d e r - sh i p an d a bu s i n e s s l i k e ap p r o a c h ex a c t l y su i t e d th e ne e d s of th e da y He wa n t e d a th o r o u g h in t e g r a t i o n of th e tw o sy n o d s , so he wo r k e d fo r di s t r i c t bo u n d a r i e s th a t wo u l d in c l u d e ch u r c h e s of bo t h ba c k g r o u n d s an d he ad v i s e d co n g r e g a t i o n s th a t we r e se e k i n g a pa s t o r to se l e c t o fr om th e t si s t e r tr a d i t i o n . Th e re m a i n d e r of th i s ch a p t e r wi l l co n s i d e r ev e n t s fr o m hi s lo n g pr e s i d e n c y un t i l hi s re s i g n a t i o n in In re t r o s p e c t , th e ke y de c i s i o n s wh i c h en a b l e d th e Sa l i s b u r y ha d be e n ma d e in d i v i d u a i l y by pa s t o r s an d co n g r e g a t i o n s ov e r th e pr e c e d i n g de c a d e s . Ba s i c a i l y th e y fl o w e d fr o m an in c r e a s e d se n s e of Lu t h e r a n di s t i n c t i v e n e s s in fa i t h an d wo r s h i p . Th e us e of Lu t h e r ' s po r t r a i t on th e ne w sy n o d i c a l se a l is si g n i f i c a n t . Dr . ^ An d r e G Vo i g t at So u t h e r n Se m i n a r y in s p i r e d fu t u r e pa s t o r s wi t h ze a l fo tr a d i t i o n a l Lu t h e r a n th e o l o g y . Co n g r e g a t i o n s ha d be g u n to ob s e r v e th e se a s o n s of th e Ch u r c h Ye a r . Le n t an d Ho l y th e 19 t h ce n t u r y , re c e i v e d in c r e a s e d at t e n t i o n af t e r 19 . ch u r c h e s re m o d e l e d th e i r ch a n c e l s , re p l a c i n g ce n t r a l pu l p i t s wi t h al t a r s . Sy n o d i c a l gu i d a n c e al s o en c o u r a g e d a mo r e ch u r c h l y Oa v t e Co u n i y Pu D i i c Li D i a r > Mo c k s v i i i e , n; in v j i W - H e s - h \ 5 T o < i s ' La T H t f i ^ v J Em m a n u e l Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h , Li n c o l n t o n , 19 2 0 rw w w co w t y Pu o ® ^Li o r a ' ^ eh i t e c t u r e . In th e Co n n n i t t e e ^ bl u n t l y . Ch u r c h e s sh o u l d be bm l t no t ^ bu t li k e a Sa n c t u a r y , de s i g n e d so th a t th e uo n g fe c t i v e l y be c o m e aw a r e of 'G o t h i c Ha l l e l u j a h s ' wh i c h ar e rs r s 5, E r as k , ' W e l l , wh a t k i n d o f b u i l d i n g IS th a t . pa r t i c u l a r Th e Co m m i t t e e sh o u l d be re a d a b l e at pr o b l e m of co r n e r s t o n e s . C ni i b l i c i t v an d ad v e r t i s i n g . Fo l k a re a s o n a b l e di s t a n c e . Th i s IS a ^ _ ^- ^ e y go . Co r n e r s t o n e s in wa n t to kn o w . An d th e y ^ de d ^ e r an d co n f u s i n g . It ' s so m e Lu t h e r a n Cb u r c h e s ar e d— ;„ 3 , , i p t m n , ne c e s s a r y in so m e ca s e s t Vi q v p re a d th e m Fo r ex a m p l e , St . rr E E S : . r f ta r n i s h e d . " Th e sy n o d P" b b s h e d a li s t ot co n ^ co n t r i b u t e d me n se n t fr o m Th e pr e s i d e n t of sy n o d , in hi s to th e So l d i e r s an d Sa i l o r s K ^ fe a r f u l ca r n a g e of me n an d th e re p o r t fo r th a t ), a d br o u g h t , an d th e me m o r y 'r t ^ r r e a d E a r s wo u l d li n g e r in th e mi n d s of Lu t h e r a n s fo r ■" % t ; : s t : r r : : : ; i o n br o u g h t ^s ow n se t ^ p- b « ne w l y - u n i t e d sy n o d to fa c e . Mo c k s v i wo j n e n ' ' an d ^h u d ^ T n : ^ ! ^ ! ; : ; ; ^ ^ rr i i t t f o l d " " ' ' ' ' . ; ch i e f co n c e r n s of th e sy n ' L '' '^ e ay n o d " br i g t s ' t h r " " ' t "n mi s s i o n st a t u s in th e ^' "" Z Z T ' S t Ti " " r -" • ~ "■ ? Mi s s i o n a r i e s . Mo r e mo n e y wa s ne e d t ^ t o o T ^T Z f t! t' h l e ZT L Z Wo ' T o f t ^" " t t r n t Ma u n e y of Ki n g s ^ a i m dl ^ ^h t t T o : ? if f t s l h ' ^• / • fh e t l e t t ' l n t t T r e L ' t t e ^ i S f r t ' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ co n t r i b u t e d he l p e d in fi n a n c i n g of mi s s i o n co n g r e g a t i o n l lo n g L t i : t r " l t r p t s a ' r c : f ' rf Th e Se m i n a r y fi n a i l 7 e n d e d t de f L t r" " ™ ' re q u i r e d mo r e of th e tw o sc h o o ] « i fh a n f ju n i o r co l l e g e s mo n e y co u l d no t be fo u n d ^" ^ a ^ m a n c e s wo u l d al l o w . Ad d i t i o n a l Le n o i r - R h y n e , st i m u l a t e d by th e ' ' M y n e gt t t ' T g a t t '" ' ' ' ' ■ ra i s e an o t h e r nn n tv . • ly t i i i , wa s tr y i n g to .u » « . / ; / . X " L r ; s ru r r fr ~ Eu r o p e a n re f u g e e s ca r e fo r j f , ap p e a l s fo r Vi r g i n i a . Me m b e r s of sy n o d th o u g h th e Or p h a n s ' Ho m e in al l th e ne e d s . A la s t - d i t c h "P a v Ud Pa m en o u g h mo n e y to ke e p th e Mo u n t Pl e a s a n r s r o o l ^ o p e n ! so t o f k fh e r f 32 Qa v i e Cu u m y Pu D i i c UD i a r y Mo c k s v i l l e , NC Mi s s i o n s an d ed u c a t i o n di d no t ex h a u s t th e de s i r e of th e sy n o d fo r ne w pr o g r a m s . An ef f o r t to ma i n t a i n so m e wo r k am o n g Bl a c k Lu t h e r a n s ba d ce a s e d in 19 0 2 , wh e n th e Bl a c k co n g r e g a t i o n in Ch a r lo t t e af f i l i a t e d wi t h th e Jo i n t Sy n o d of Oh i o . Ho w e v e r , oc c a s i o n a l qu e s t i o n s we r e ra i s e d in th e la t e r de c a d e s ab o u t f7 ° * . fi e l d No su s t a i n e d ef f o r t wa s ma d e . An o t h e r pr o j e c t th a t di d be a r fr u i t , ho w e v e r , co n c e r n e d "a n as s e m b l y gr o u n ^ d in su c h pa r t of We s t e r n No r t h Ca r o l i n a as ma y be se l e c t e d fo r th e ho l d i n g of as s e bl i e s , co n v e n t i o n s , co n f e r e n c e s , pu b l i c wo r s h i p , re l i p o u s , an d ed u c a t i o n a l sc h o o l s , an d al l si m i l a r en d e a v o r s ZZ Tt n ,r su m m e r as s e m b l y we n t ba c k at le a s t to 19 0 8 , wi t h th e id e a of pu r _ ch a s i n g la n d ad d e d in 19 1 8 . Fr o m th e be g i n n i n g th e pr o j e c t in c l u d e d se v e r a l sy n o d s , es p e c i a l l y th o s e in No r t h an d So u t h Ca r o l i n a . In t e r e s t fi r s t fo c u s e d on Va d e Me c u m Sp r i n g s , th e n on Bl o w i n g Ro c k or Ma r i o n . Th e de p r e s s i o n su s p e n d e d pl a n s , bu t re n e w e d pr o s p e r i t y in th e 19 4 0 ' s re v i v e d in t e r e s t in th e pr o j e c t . In th e me a n t i m e , th e po p u l a r su m m e r pr o g r a m s fo r ch u r c h wo r k e r s co n t i n u e d to me e t at Mo u n t Pl e a s a n t or at Hi c k o r y . Th e r e se e m e d to be no en d to ca u s e s , pl e a s , ap p e a l s an d pr o g r a m s . "W e wo u l d ca l l at t e n t i o n to th e fa c t th a t fo r th e cu r r e n t ye a r mo r e th a n $8 0 , 0 0 0 ha s be e n re c e i v e d by th e Tr e a s u r e r in am o u n t s ra n g i n g fr o m 20 ce n t s up , " re p o r t e d a co m m i t t e e in 19 2 3 . Th e sy n o d ha d mo v e d fa r fr o m it s ea r l y ro l e as re f e r e e m di s p u t e s be t w e e n co n g r e g a t i o n s an d mi n i s t e r s . It no w se r v e d ch i e f l y as th e ch a n n e l th r o u g h wh i c h fu n d s co u l d be ra i s e d fo r pr o j e c t s wh i c h we r e to o am bi t i o u s fo r a si n g l e co n g r e g a t i o n to as s u m e . "W e ar e li v i n g in th e da y s of la r g e th i n g s . . . la r g e ne e d s , la r g e op p o r t u n i t i e s , ' an ob s e r v e r ha d wr i t t e n in 19 1 0 . Th e vo l u m e of mo n e y an d ac t i v i t y ob v i o u s l y de m a n d e d so m e ad ju s t m e n t s in th e op e r a t i o n of th e sy n o d . Ea r l y in th e ce n t u r y it ha d re s o l v e d th a t pa s t o r s an d co n g r e g a t i o n s "o u g h t to re g u l a t e th e bu s i n e s s an d ma t e r i a l af f a i r s of th e ch u r c h wi t h th e sa m e sy s t e m an d vi g i l a n c e th a t th e ma n of bu s i n e s s sa g a c i t y ap p l i e s to hi s pe r s o n a l af fa i r s " Th e "b u s i n e s s l i k e " th e m e do m i n a t e d th i n k i n g ; an ad d r e s s on st e w a r d s h i p bo r e th e ti t l e : "T h e Ki n g ' s Bu s i n e s s an d My Bu s i n e s s . A co m m i t t e e on ef f i c i e n c y fo r th e sy n o d su g g e s t e d ch a n g e s wh i c h wo u l d pa c k mo r e ac t i v i t y in t o th e an n u a l co n v e n t i o n s . Ar t i f i c i a l li g h t pe r mi t t e d ad d i n g an ev e n i n g se s s i o n to th e tr a d i t i o n a l mo r n i n g - a n d - af t e r n o o n fo r m a t . Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s of in s t i t u t i o n s fo u n d th e i r ti m e cu t ba c k to tw e n t y mi n u t e s . Pa r o c h i a l re p o r t s we r e to be se n t by ma i l in st e a d of br o u g h t (a n d re a d ) to th e co n v e n t i o n . In c r e a s e d bu s i n e s s al s o re q u i r e d in c r e a s e d st a f f . So o n af t e r 19 0 0 a st a t i s t i c a l se c r e t a r y wa s el e c t e d to ca r e fo r th e ev e r mo r e co m p l e x pa r o c h i a l re p o r t s - "p i o u s gu e s s e s , " he ca l l e d th e m . Th e n , af t e r fi f - Sy n o d co n v e n t i o n , 19 1 4 , Ma t i L u t h e r a n Ch u r c h , Bu r l i n g t o n te e n ye a r s of ar g u m e n t , th e of f i c e of pr e s i d e n t be c a m e fu l l - t i m e an d sa l a r i e d . Sm a l l st i p e n d s we r e al s o gi v e n to th e se c r e t a r y an d tr e a s u r e r , as to k e n s of th e i r he a v i e r du t i e s . Mi s s i o n wo r k , as we ha v e se e n , em p l o y e d tw o fu l l - t i m e di r e c t o r s . Be y o n d th e s e el e c t e d of f i c i a l s ra n g e d a sm a l l ar m y of vo l u n t e e r an d ap p o i n t e d po s i t i o n s . As ea r l y as 19 2 2 th e sy n o d li s t e d tw e n t y - f o u r st a n d i n g co m m i t t e e s , te n sp e c i a l co m m i t t e e s , an d fi v e bo a r d s . It s mi n u t e s to o k 17 1 pa g e s to pr i n t . By 19 2 3 , th e "N o r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n " ap p e a r e d to he l p in f o r m ch u r c h me m b e r s ab o u t th e wo r k of th e sy n o d . No t on l y di d th e sy n o d of f i c e r s be c o m e fu l l - t i m e , bu t pa s t o r s , to o , de v o t e d mo r e ti m e to th e i r pa r i s h e s an d le s s ti m e to ou t s i d e em pl o y m e n t . In ea r l i e r ye a r s mo s t mi n i s t e r s ha d to wo r k as fa r m e r s , te a c h e r s , or tr a d e s m e n in or d e r to su p p l e m e n t th e i r sa l a r i e s . By 19 1 2 th e sy n o d wa s di s c o u r a g i n g su c h se c u l a r em p l o y m e n t . Tw o ye a r s la t e r it re p r i m a n d e d th r e e mi n i s t e r s wh o we r e de v o t i n g to o mu c h ti m e to ou t s i d e in t e r e s t s . At th e sa m e ti m e , th e sy n o d ur g e d hi g h e r sa l a r i e s fo r it s cl e r g y . In 19 0 8 th e re c o m m e n d e d fi g u r e wa s at le a s t si x hu n dr e d do l l a r s . By 19 2 0 th e mi n i m u m ha d do u b l e d to $1 , 2 0 0 , pl u s pa r so n a g e . Sy n o d Pr e s i d e n t Mo r g a n wa s ma k i n g $2 , 5 0 0 th a t sa m e ye a r . Fo u r ye a r s la t e r a su r v e y of th e sy n o d re v e a l e d th a t th e av e r a g e sa l a r y wa s $1 , 5 3 6 . 6 8 . Th e st e a d y up w a r d su r g e ov e r ma n y ye a r s is a go o d in d e x of th e ge n e r o u s sp i r i t an d th e fi n a n c i a l st r e n g t h of No r t h Ca r o l i n a co n g r e g a t i o n s . A na g g i n g is s u e co n t i n u e d to el u d e so l u t i o n . Ho w sh o u l d th e sy n o d ra i s e al l th e mo n e y ne e d e d ? Ho w co u l d th e in c r e a s i n g fi n a n c i a l bu r d e n be sp r e a d eq u a l l y am o n g th e co n g r e g a t i o n s ? Th e fi r s t pa r t of th e qu e s t i o n co n c e r n e d me t h o d s ; th e se c o n d in v o l v e d ap p o r t i o n m e n t . Bo t h ap p o r t i o n i n g an d sp e c i a l fu n d - r a i s i n g we r e em p l o y e d by th e sy n o d , bu t th e r e we r e ad v o c a t e s wh o wa n t e d to se t t l e on on e sy s t e m or th e ot h e r . "C a n v a s s e s " an d "c a m p a i g n s " by on e or tw o tr a v e l i n g ag e n t s oc c u r r e d ev e r y ye a r — an d so m e t i m e s th e r e we r e se v e r a l ag e n t s cr i s s c r o s s i n g th e st a t e at th e sa m e ti m e . In 19 1 4 a co m m i t t e e ur g e d th e en d of al l su c h "e f f o r t s to co l l e c t mo n e y fo r be n e f i c e n c e fr o m ou r pe o p l e or co n g r e g a t i o n s ot h e r w i s e th a n by ap p o r t i o n m e n t s .... Th r e e ye a r s la t e r , ho w e v e r , re c e i p t s ha d fa l l e n fa r be l o w ex p e n s e s . A "c a r d sy s t e m " wa s su g g e s t e d , wh i c h in v o l v e d ea c h co u n c i l si g n i n g a pl e d g e on th e am o u n t of ap p o r t i o n m e n t th a t it wa s "a b l e an d wi l l i n g to pa y . " Co m p l i c a t e d fo r m u l a s fo r ap p o r t i o n m e n t de v e l o p e d , in c l u d i n g fa c t o r s fo r cu r r e n t ex p e n s e s , pr e v i o u s gi v i n g re c o r d s , "n e t ga i n " in me m b e r s , an d ex p e n d i t u r e s fo r co n s t r u c t i o n . Fi n a l l y , th e ul t i m a t e co m b i n a t i o n of fu n d - r a i s i n g an d ap p o r t i o n m e n t wa s di s c o v e r e d wh e n a Th a n k s g i v i n g Ca n v a s s re a c h e d al l th e co n g r e g a t i o n s wi t h a ' sp e c i a l ap p e a l " to me e t th e i r as s i g n e d ap p o r t i o n m e n t . On e gr e a t as s e t to th e sy n o d la y in th e in c r e a s i n g po p u l a r i t y an d ef f e c t i v e n e s s of it s au x i l i a r i e s . At th e ti m e of me r g e r m 19 2 1 , th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Wo m e n ' s Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t y wa s th i r t y - s i x ye a r s ol d , an d th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d So c i e t y ha d a hi s t o r y of ei g h t ye a r s . To g e t h e r th e y we r e ab l e to ex p a n d al l th e i r wo r k an d to in t e n s i f y ei - fo r t s to es t a b l i s h so c i e t i e s in ev e r y co n g r e g a t i o n . By 19 2 7 wo m e n ' s or ga n i z a t i o n s ha d co n t r i b u t e d $2 0 3 , 0 0 0 to w a r d mi s s i o n a r y ac t i v i t i e s . No t on l y di d th e wo m e n co n t r i b u t e mo n e y ; th e y al s o fo u n d in mi s s i o n a r y wo r k an op p o r t u n i t y fo r fu l l - t i m e ch u r c h se r v i c e . Th e Po w l a s si s t e r s , Ma u d e an d An n i e , be c a m e pi o n e e r mi s s i o n a r i e s in Ja p a n . Mi s s Cl a r a Su l l i v a n , wh o ha d be e n a le a d e r in pr o d u c i n g Oa v i e Co u n ^ Pu D l i c if c i a r v Mo c k s v i i l e , NL -H i S T O R - V - LU - T H t r < . A M Lu t h e r a n Sy n o d of No r t h Ca r o l i n a Pe r Ce n t u m Pa i d on Ap p o r t i o n m e n t — C o n t i n u e d We s t e r n Co n f e r e n c e PA R I S H AN D CO N G R E G A T I O N Al e x a D d e r — F r i e n d s h i p 44 Al e x a n d e r — S t . Jo h n ' s Al e x a n d e r — S t . Ma r k ' s • Al e x a n d e r — S h i l o h 20 An d r e w s — S t . An d r e w ' s • As f a e v l l l f r — S t . Ma r k ' s • Ch i n a Gr o v e — G r a c e t Ch i n a Gr o v e — P r o s p e r i t y 97 Cl a r e m o n t — M t . Ca l v a r y Cl a r e m o n t — S t . Lu k e ' s J Cl a r e m o n t — S a l e m ' Ea s t Hi c k o r y — M t . Ol i v e Ea s t Hi c k o r y — S t . St e p h e n ' s En o c h v i l l e — S t . En o c h ' s 27 En o c h v i l l e — T r i n i t y 42 Go o d Ho p e — B e t h e l • Go o d Ho p e — G o o d Ho p e • Gr a n i t e Fa l l s — P h i l a d e l p h i a Gr a n i t e Fa l l s — S t . Jo h n ' s Gr a n i t e Fa l l s — S t . Ma t t h e w ' s 21 Ha v e n — H a v e n 10 0 He n d e r s o n v i l l ^ — G r a c e Me m o r i a l Hi c k o r y — H o l y Tr i n i t y Hi l d e b r a n — C a l v a r y Hi l d e b r a n — M t . He b r o n Hi l d e b r a n — S t . Pa u l ' s Ir e d e l l — M t . Hc r m o n Ir e d e l i — S h a r o n 32 La n d i s — C o n c o r d i a 90 La n d i s — T r i n i t y 10 0 Le b a n o n — A m i t y Le b a n o n — L e b a n o n 69 Le b a n o n — P r o v i d e n c e J Le b a n o n — S t . Ma t t h e w ' s 10 0 Le n o i r — S t . Jo h n ' s • Le n o i r — S t . St e p h e n ' s 59 Ma i d e n — L u t h e r ' s Ch a p e l 60 Ma i d e n — S t . Ma r t i n ' s 41 Ma i d e n — S a l e m 66 Mo o r e s v i l l e — S t . Ma r k ' s 10 0 Ne w t o n — B e t h Ed e n .. . . Ne w t o n — S t . Ti m o t h y ' s 29 No r t h Ea n n a p o l i s — B e t h a n y • Ro w a n — M t . Mo r i a h 54 Ro w a n — S t . Ma r k ' s Sa l e m — S a l e m 10 0 Sp e n c e r — C a l v a r y 10 0 Sp e n c e r — C h r i s t ' s Ch u r c h 39 St a t e s v i U e — S t . Jo h n ' s 10 0 St . An d r e w s — S t . An d r e w ' s St . Ja m e s ' , Ne w t o n — E b e n e z e r St . Ja m e s ' , Ne w t o n — S t . Ja m e s ' St . Jo h n ' s , Sa l i s b u r y — S t . Jo h n ' s 29 St . Lu k e ' s — S t . Lu k e ' s 10 0 St . Ma r k ' s , C. G. — S t . Ma r k ' s .. . . 92 Tr o u t m a n — H o l y Tr i n i t y • Tr o u t m a n — S t . Pa u l ' s 10 0 Wa t a u g a — H o l y Tr i n i t y 10 0 Wa t a u g a — M t . Pl e a s a n t 26 Wa t a u g a — M t . Zi o n 80 Wa t a u g a — O l d Mt . Pl e a s a n t Wa t a u g a , Bo o n e — G r a c e • Wa t a u g a . Bo o n e — S t . Ma r k ' s • We s t Hi c k o r y — B e t h a n y Zi o n — B e t h l e h e m Zi o n — N e w Je r u s a l e m Zi o n — Z i o n •— C o n g r e g a t i o n no t ye t Or g a n i z e d , t— U n u s u a l He a v y Ex p e n s e . 79 20 9 1 20 0 10 0 . 93 10 0 93 68 78 ' 50 10 0 : 96 9 85 10 0 83 93 tS .. . . 96 10 0 86 83 10 0 68 33 46 X 10 8 63 14 4 99 "t "i t t 48 48 9 • • 68 10 0 62 75 ' 47 80 i 6 10 0 |1 0 0 10 0 97 82 46 76 74 9 10 0 76 80 86 t 60 t 98 t 11 8 92 10 0 10 0 10 0 97 10 0 42 10 0 10 0 10 0 80 • • 10 0 80 10 0 10 0 10 0 t 10 0 60 I .. . . 0 36 33 9 37 19 10 0 40 9 33 }§ 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 61 48 12 16 10 0 9 10 0 79 43 79 14 85 10 0 86 10 0 76 70 8 0 • 10 0 76 9 10 0 76 9 1 1 0 0 27 9 70 64 9 47 75 7 7 10 0 95 10 0 7 7 10 0 38 63 54 79 18 79 5 89 12 3 86 47 .. . . 9 41 79 10 0 79 0 61 9 61 10 21 10 0 10 0 ' 37 18 10 0 35 81 80 90 10 0 81 77 60 64 40 32 I 28 ! 27 0 43 I 23 I 30 0 10 0 11 0 0 I 7 0 71 1 67 28 10 0 10 0 10 0 il C O 10 0 10 0 10 0 ,1 0 - , 48 0 10 7 16 6 6 0 10 0 9 1 1 0 0 10 0 10 0 12 9 ; 23 27 13 79 1 31 16 16 10 0 11 0 0 10 0 ' 46 10 0 10 0 10 0 ; 81 75 54 29 4 1 59 I 10 0 63 96 t 89 t ; 10 0 0 72 66 ! 83 10 0 0 0 10 0 10 0 66 10 0 09 13 52 1 63 81 | 10 0 79 ! 76 1 19 12 I 31 22 ! 8 10 0 |1 0 0 10 0 |1 0 0 10 0 ,1 0 0 10 0 1 74 10 0 [l O O 10 0 ;1 0 0 10 0 !1 0 0 10 0 il O O 76 I 58 7 ; 28 45 60 56 37 lO O 50 9 1 1 0 0 .1 0 0 10 0 10 0 il O O , 89 7l l 79 1 79 ; I 20 9 1 79 i 0 I 82 14 I 79 1 56 I 71 9 1 24 5 , 19 I 0 10 I 75 ; 75 7 10 0 58 ' 3o 5 6> J 50 1 45 t 40 5 15 60 36 40 i 26 69 10 0 10 0 I 42 10 0 10 0 10 0 ,1 0 0 0 10 0 10 0 I 77 26 10 0 10 0 jl O O 10 0 Il O O 10 0 10 0 44 43 48 34 63 72 83 64 80 56 92 56 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 66 64 56 37 95 10 0 72 62 • • 10 0 96 72 9 49 f 45 t 41 75 0 9 3 78 10 0 67 39 68 87 97 20 52 46 40 27 67 66 67 33 79 38 7 39 73 68 I 68 64 10 0 10 0 Il O O 63 lo o t 50 1 26 5 35 58 51 10 0 T3 t 66 10 0 S7 t 70 76 5 69 77 34 78 9 10 0 10 0 50 93 10 0 69 61 43 37 44 35 37 7 7 I 7 46 67 60 I 7 10 0 10 0 99 66 10 0 43 66 ; 44 7 11 1 0 , 8 53 17 I 70 ; 45 79 63 62 ' 38 64 61 ( 46 i 47 7— N o Re p o r t . 9— V a c a n c y . Ap p o r t i o n m e n t re p o r t fo r 19 3 2 PA S T PR E S I D E N T S : FR O N T RO W (l e f t to ri g h t ) : Mr s . E. R. Tr e x l e r , Mt . Pl e a s a n t . N. C. . 19 4 0 - 4 3 ; Mr s . Au b r e y Ma u n e y , Ki n g s Mo u n t a i n , N. C. , 19 4 3 - 4 6 ; Mr s G. W. Mc C l a n a h a n , Sa l e m , Va . , 19 2 2 - 2 5 ; 19 3 4 - 3 7 ; Mr s . J. H. C. Fi s h e r , Mt . Pl e a s a n t , N. C. , 18 9 6 - 1 8 9 8 ; Mr s . E. R. Li n e b e r g e r (c u r r e n t Pr e s i d e n t ) Sp e n c e r , N C. 19 4 9 - BA C K RO W : Mr s . M. Cr a i g Yo d e r , Hi c k o r y , N. 0. , 19 4 6 - 1 9 4 9 ; Mr s . J. F. Gr i g - le r Ch a r l o t t e , N. C. , 19 2 8 - 3 1 ; Mr s . J. A. Mo r e t z , Hi c k o r y , N. C. , 19 3 1 - 3 4 ; Mr s . J L. Mo r g a n , Sa l i s b u r y , N. C. , 19 2 5 - 2 8 ; Mr s . L. E. Bl a c k w e l d e r , Wh i t e Ro c k , S. C. , 19 3 7 - 4 0 ; Mr s . Jo h n M. Co o k , Co n c o r d , N. C. , 19 1 7 - 1 9 1 9 ; 19 2 1 - 1 9 2 2 . mi s s i o n st u d y ma t e r i a l s in No r t h Ca r o l i n a fo l l o w e d he r wo r d s wi t h ac ti o n an d wa s se n t to Ch i n a as th e fi r s t mi s s i o n a r y to t a l l y su p p o r t e d by th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Wo m e n . La t e r Dr . Gl a d y s Mo r g a n we n t to In d i a as a me d i c a l mi s s i o n a r y , an d Mi s s e s Vi r g i n i a Ad d e r h o l t an d Ca t h e r i n e St i r e w a l t ac c e p t e d ap p o i n t m e n t s to Ja p a n an d Ch i n a . Me m b e r s h i p in th e Un i t e d Lu t h r a n Ch u r c h in Am e r i c a re q u i r e d so m e ch a n g e s in th e pr o g r a m of th e Wo m e n ' s Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t y in No r t h Ca r o l i n a af t e r 19 2 0 . Mo s t of th e mo n e y ra i s e d we n t to th e na t i o n a l or g a n i z a t i o n fo r th e su p p o r t of mi s s i o n ac t i v i t y at ho m e an d ov e r s e a s . , Lo c a l pr o j e c t s ul t i m a t e l y re c e i v e d ab o u t tw e n t y pe r c e n t of al l fu n d s co l l e c t e d . On th e ot h e r ha n d , No r t h Ca r o l i n a be n e f i t e d fr o m pr o j e c t s sp o n s o r e d wi t h i n th e st a t e by th e UL C A Wo m e n s Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t y . "M o u n t a i n mi s s i o n s " we r e on e of th e na t i o n a l pr o j e c t s , an d wo r k in Wa t a u g a Co u n t y wa s be g u n un d e r th a t pr o g r a m . Th e po p u l a r wo r k in Ko n n a r o c k , Vi r g i n i a , al s o st a r t e d as a UL C A pr o g r a m . A cl e a r ex a m p l e of na t i o n a l in f l u e n c e wi t h i n th e sy n o d ca n be se e n in th e hi s t o r y of ch i l d r e n ' s wo r k . Or i g i n a l l y a pr o j e c t of th e sy n o d i c a l mi s s i o n a r y so c i e t i e s to in v o l v e ch i l d r e n in mi s s i o n st u d y an d su p p o r t , th e "C h i l d r e n ' s Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t y " to o k th e na m e of th e na t i o n a l au x i l i a r y , "L i g h t Br i g a d e " , af t e r fo r m a t i o n of th e UL C A . Th r e e ag e di v i s i o n s , th e "L i t t l e Li g h t s , " th e "L a m p l i g h t e r s , " an d th e "T o r c h b e a r e r s " le a r n e d ab o u t ch i l d r e n in ot h e r pa r t s of th e wo r l d an d co n t r i b u t e d pe n n i e s an d di m e s to a mi l k fu n d fo r th e i r be n e f i t . In th e la t e r 19 3 0 ' s th e na t i o n a l pr o g r a m br o a d e n e d be y o n d mi s s i o n ed u c a t i o n to in c l u d e a re g u l a r we e k d a y Ch r i s t i a n Ed u c a t i o n fo r m a t , so th e or g a n i z a t i o n ch a n g e d it s na m e to "C h i l d r e n of th e Ch u r c h . " Yo u t h wo r k al s o wa s un i f i e d an d br o a d e n e d un d e r th e UL C A . Be f o r e th e i r me r g e r in 19 2 1 , bo t h th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d an d th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d ha d a fe w yo u t h gr o u p s , ca l l e d "G i r l s ' Gu i l d s , " "L u t h e r Le a g u e s , " or "Y o u n g Pe o p l e s ' So c i e t i e s . " As in th e ca s e of ch i l d r e n ' s wo r k , mo s t of th e s e or g a n i z a t i o n s we r e cl o s e l y ti e d to th e Wo m e n ' s Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t y . Th e yo u n g pe o p l e s ' de s i r e fo r an in de p e n d e n t or g a n i z a t i o n al m o s t co i n c i d e d wi t h th e fo r m a t i o n of th e UL C A an d th e me r g e r of 19 2 1 , so th a t by 19 2 3 th e Lu t h e r Le a g u e in No r t h Ca r o l i n a ha d it s ow n of f i c e r s an d ne a r l y ei g h t y lo c a l le a g u e s . It s pr o g r a m in c l u d e d re c r e a t i o n , st u d y , wo r s h i p , an d su p p o r t of al l sy n o d i c a l in s t i t u t i o n s . In ad d i t i o n to re g u l a r co n t r i b u t i o n s to ho m e an d fo r e i g n mi s s i o n s , an d th e So u t h e r n Se m i n a r y li b r a r y th e Lu t h e r Le a g u e s he l d sp e c i a l dr i v e s fo r th e Lo w m a n Ho m e fo r th e Ag e d an d fo r sc h o l a r s h i p s fo r fo r e i g n st u d e n t s st u d y i n g at Le n o i r Rh y n e Co l l e g e . Mi s s i o n a r y in t e r e s t s al s o . st i m u l a t e d fo r m a t i o n of a me n ' s au x i l i a r y in th e st a t e th r o u g h th e es t a b l i s h m e n t of th e Lu t h e r a n La y m e n ' s Mi s s i o n a r y Mo v e m e n t ju s t be f o r e th e fi r s t Wo r l d Wa r . Af te r th e fo r m a t i o n of th e UL C A th e te r m "B r o t h e r h o o d " ca m e in t o po p u l a r us e . Pr e s i d e n t Mo r g a n wa s a st r o n g ad v o c a t e of th e Br o t h e r h o o d id e a , an d he fo u n d en t h u s i a s t i c re s p o n s e , fi r s t in th e Ki n g s Mo u n t a i n - G a s t o n i a ar e a an d ev e n t u a l l y th r o u g h o u t th e st a t e . Al t h o u g h th e na t i o n a l Br o t h e r h o o d em p h a s i z e d sc o u t i n g , ev a n g e l i s m , an d ho m e mi s s i o n s , in No r t h Ca r o l i n a th e ch a l l e n g e of ho m e mi s s i o n s re m a i n e d pa r a m o u n t . By 19 3 1 th e Lo a n an d Gi f t Fu n d be g a n to he l p mi s s i o n co n g r e g a t i o n s , an d th e me n of th e sy n o d ga v e it co n t i n u o u s an d en e r g e t i c su p p o r t . In 19 4 7 th e or i g i n a l go a l of $1 0 0 , 0 0 0 wa s re a l i z e d , bu t in s t e a d of se t t i n g th e pr o j e c t as i d e as "c o m p l e t e d , " th e me n be g a n to ta l k of ev e n hi g h e r go a l s . In Wo r l d Wa r II , Lu t h e r a n Wo r l d Ac t i o n wo u l d al s o be c o m e an es p e c i a l l y su c c e s s f u l pr o j e c t of th e Br o t h e r h o o d . Fe w ot h e r sy n o d s de v e l o p e d au x i l i a r i e s as ef f e c t i v e l y as No r t h Ca r o l i n a . La y in v o l v e m e n t , pa s t o r a l en c o u r a g e m e n t , an d sy n o d i c a l le a d e r s h i p co m b i n e d to br i n g th e au x i l i a r i e s to un e q u a l e d ac h i e v e me n t s , In th e 19 4 0 ' s th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Br o t h e r h o o d , un d e r th e le a d e r s h i p of Ze b B. Tr e x l e r , be c a m e th e la r g e s t st a t e - w i d e un i t in th e Un i t e d Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h . In th e sa m e de c a d e sy n o d i c a l of f e r i n g s th r o u g h th e Ch i l d r e n of th e Ch u r c h le d al l ot h e r Lu t h e r a n sy n o d s . Th e Lu t h e r Le a g u e ha d pr o v i d e d na t i o n a l of f i c e r s an d , in 19 5 1 , Ra y Cl i n e 38 Da v i e Co u n t y Pu o i i c Li D i ' a r > Mo c k s v i l i e , NC wa s el e c t e d Pr e s i d e n t . Th e Wo m e n ' s Mi s s i o n a r y So c i e t y un d e r th e vi g o r o u s le a d e r s h i p of ca p a b l e of f i c e r s , tr e b l e d it s me m b e r s h i p an d co n t r i b u t i o n s be t w e e n 19 3 6 an d 19 5 1 . Th e s e ac t i v e au x i l i a r i e s ma d e po s s i b l e th e as t o u n d i n g ex p a n s i o n of pr o g r a m s .' ° f po r t wh i c h di s t i n g u i s h e d th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d in th e fi r s t ha l f of th i s ce n t u r y . _ Pr o g r e s s , of co u r s e , wa s no t au t o m a t i c . Th e bu s i n e s s d i k e mo o d an d th e fi n a n c i a l su c c e s s e s of th e ea r l y 19 0 0 ' s ma d e th e De p r e s s i o n ye a r s ev e n mo r e de v a s t a t i n g to th e sp i r i t of th e sy n o d th a n to it s in st i t u t i o n s . Ac c u m u l a t e d de b t s cl o s e d Mo u n t Pl e a s a n t Co l l e g i a t e I ^ st i t u t e , an d Pr e s i d e n t Mo r g a n re p o r t e d to th e 19 3 1 Sy n o d co n v e n t i o th a t th e sy n o d wa s in de b t . Th e Ex e c u t i v e Co m m i t t e e wa s au t h o r i z e d to bo r r o w up to $3 , 0 0 0 to co v e r it s ob l i g a t i o n s . In c o m e dr o p p e d as co n g r e g a t i o n s fo u n d it im p o s s i b l e to ra i s e th e i r ^7 ° ^ « o n e d am o u n t s Vo l u n t a r y co n t r i b u t i o n s th r o u g h au x i l i a r i e s al s o dr o p p e d . Th e Lu t h e Le a g u e ra i s e d le s s th a n ha l f as mu c h mo n e y in 19 3 3 as it ha d se v e n ye a r s ea r l i e r . De s p i t e re n e w e d st e w a r d s h i p ef f o r t s be n e v o l e n c e in co m e co n t i n u e d to sh r i n k as co n g r e g a t i o n s ke p t th e i r dw i n d l i n g co n tr i b u t i o n s to me e t lo c a l cu r r e n t ex p e n s e s . Pa s t o r s sa l a r i e s fo r 19 3 3 we r e re p o r t e d to be "f a r be l o w fo r m e r re p o r t s . Lo a n s fo r ne w bu i l d i n g s ha d be e n ob t a i n e d in mo r e op t i m i s t i c da y s , an d th e sy n o d ha d gr e a t di f f i c u l t y in me e t i n g al l of th o s e ob l i g a t i o n s . As a re s u l t fe w e r ne w mi s s i o n co n g r e g a t i o n s co u l d be or g a n i z e d . co n g r e g a t i o n s ca m e in t o ex i s t e n c e in th e 19 3 0 ' s - a £> 8 " ™ ^h i c h ba r e l y eq u a l e d th e nu m b e r of co n g r e g a t i o n s or g a n i z e d in 19 2 3 al o n e . Di f f i c u l t y in fo u n d i n g ne w co n g r e g a t i o n s le d th e sy n o d to an in cr e a s e d em p h a s i s on ev a i ^ g e l i s m by ex i s t i n g co n g r e p t i o n s . Pr e s i d e n t Mo r g a n ur g e d ac t i o n "w h i l e pe o p l e ar e re a l i z i n g th e i r he l p l e p st a t e ot li f e " bo t h fo r th e i r be n e f i t an d fo r th e ad d i t i o n a l re s o u r c e s th e y wo u l d br i n g to th e ch u r c h . "T h e bu s i n e s s ma n re a l i z e s th e s e pr i n c i p l e s he sa i d , "t h e n wh y sh o u l d th e ch i l d r e n of th i s wo r l d be wi s p th a n th e ch i l d r e n of li g h t ? " In 19 3 2 th e Co m m i t t e e on Ev a n g e l i s m re c o m me n d e d we e k - l o n g ev a n g e l i s t i c se r v i c e s wi t h th e fo l l o w i n g "m e c h a n ic a l ai d s " : "( 1 ) In v i t e co o p e r a t i o n of al l th e ch u r c h or g a n i z a t i o n s , (2 ) Co m p i l e a li s t of in a c t i v e , no n - m e m b e r at t e n d e r s , an d un c h u r c h e d pe o p l e , (3 ) In v i t e a fe l l o w - p a s t o r to pr e a c h th e se r m o n s , (4 ) Pu b l i c i z e fr o m pu l p i t an d in th e ne w s p a p e r tw o to fo u r we e k s in ad v a n c e , (5 ) Di s t r i b u t e ha n d b i l l s ho u s e - t o - h o u s e , gi v i n g na m e of pr e a c h e r , to p i p , an d 'a n y lo c a l mu s i c a l or g a n i z a t i o n , ' (6 ) Ha v e So n g Le a d e r if po s p b l e . Us e fa m i l i a r hy m n s , (7 ) Ha v e Co m m i t t e e of Us h e r s . Se e th a t bu i l d m g is co m f o r t a b l e . Ta k e of f e r i n g on e ni g h t to de f r a y ex p e n s e s , (8 ) Co n f i n e se r v i c e to on e ho u r . Ha v e ev e r y ni g h t fo r ev e r y b o d y , (9 ) Ai m to st i m u l a t e bu t no t to sa t i s f y ; to cr e a t e de s i r e fo r sp i r i t u a l fo o d bu t to gi v e on l y a ta s t e ; to co n s e r v e th e in t e r e s t an d di r e c t in t o th e ch a n n e l of th e re g u l a r ch u r c h se r v i c e s . " Hv S T O M ' Ev a n g e l i s m ef f o r t s ma y ha v e ac c o u n t e d fo r th e un u s u a l l y go o d , gr o w t h of th e sy n o d af t e r th e in i t i a l sh o c k of th e De p r e s s i o n . Du r i n g mo s t of th e 19 3 0 ' s sy n o d i c a l gr o w t h av e r a g e d ov e r 10 0 0 me m b e r s pe r ye a r . Wi t h th e ou t b r e a k of Wo r l d Wa r 11 in 19 4 1 , th e st a t i s t i c s fa l t e r e d a li t t l e , bu t th e av e r a g e in c r e a s e re m a i n e d ov e r 66 0 an n u a l l y . Wo r l d Wa r II af f e c t e d sy n o d i c a l li f e in a va r i e t y of wa y s . In ad di t i o n to at le a s t fi v e pa s t o r s wh o en t e r e d th e ch a p l a i n c y , ov e r 5, 5 0 0 me n an d wo m e n se r v e d in th e ar m e d fo r c e s . Ea c h ye a r du r i n g th e wa r , th e sy n o d mi n u t e s wo u l d ca r r y a le n g t h e n i n g li s t of th o s e me m b e r s wh o ha d be e n lo s t in ac t i o n . By th e en d of wa r it st r e t c h e d ov e r th r e e pa g e s , co n t a i n i n g 18 6 na m e s . An an n u a l me m o r i a l se r v i c e du r i n g th e sy n o d i c a l co n v e n t i o n ho n o r e d th e s e pe r s o n s , an d a sp e c i a l Me m o r i a l Fu n d to he l p wi t h th e co n s t r u c t i o n of a la r g e r St . An d r e w ' s Ch u r c h in Hi c k o r y ga v e vi s i b l e ex p r e s s i o n to th e gr a t i t u d e of th o s e fo r wh o m th e sa c r i f i c e s ha d be e n ma d e . Si n c e Ja p a n an d Ch i n a ha d be e n mi s s i o n fi e l d s of sp e c i a l in t e r e s t to No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n s , th e sa f e t y of mi s s i o n a r i e s wa s a co n ti n u i n g co n c e r n . Ju s t be f o r e th e wa r be g a n , mo s t mi s s i o n a r i e s we r e re c a l l e d or re m a i n e d ho m e on fu r l o u g h , bu t fi v e si n g l e la d y mi s s i o n a r i e s we r e st i l l on th e fi e l d . In ad d i t i o n , th r e e mi s s i o n a r i e s , Dr . 0. J. St i r e w a l t an d Dr . an d Mr s . C. W. He p n e r , vo l u n t a r i l y ch o s e to re m a i n in Ja p a n . Wi t h i n a ye a r th e s e th r e e we r e br o u g h t ho m e un d e r an ex c h a n g e ag r e e m e n t wi t h th e Ja p a n e s e , an d Dr . Gr a d y Co o p e r al s o wa s re p a t r i a t e d fr o m Ch i n a . Fi n a l l y in De c e m b e r of 19 4 3 , Cl a r a _ Su l l i v a n , Ca t h e r i n e St i r e w a l t , an d ot h e r s ar r i v e d sa f e l y fr o m Ch i n a . O Al l of th o s e mi s s i o n a r i e s se t to wo r k at on c e on pl a n s fo r mo r e ef - ^ fe c t i v e ac t i v i t y af t e r th e wa r , an d in th e me a n t i m e th e y vi s i t e d co n g r e g a t i o n s wi t h fi r s t - h a n d re p o r t s of Ch r i s t i a n br a v e r y un d e r pe r se c u t i o n . Ma n y ot h e r pr o b l e m s ar o s e fr o m wa r t i m e sh o r t a g e s an d in f l a t i o n . Ho m e mi s s i o n ex e c u t i v e s de c l a r e d th a t bu i l d i n g of ne w ch u r c h e s wa s "o u t fo r th e du r a t i o n . " Ga s ra t i o n i n g cu r t a i l e d co m m i t t e e me e t i n g s , an d ev e n th e sy n o d ha d to ob t a i n pe r m i s s i o n fr o m th e Of f i c e of De f e n s e Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n in or d e r to ho l d it s 19 4 5 co n v e n t i o n . Th e cr i s i s wa s so se v e r e th a t th e sy n o d ga v e em e r g e n c y po w e r s to it s Ex e c u t i v e Bo a r d in ca s e th e sy n o d co u l d no t me e t th e fo l l o w i n g ye a r . Ch u r c h tr e a s u r e r s ha d to le a r n ho w to ha n d l e th e "v i c t o r y ta x " on ce r t a i n tr a n s a c t i o n s , an d se m i n a r i a n s we r e gr a n t e d an ex t r a fi f t y do l l a r s pe r ye a r to co v e r hi g h e r li v i n g co s t s . In sp i t e of th e un c e r t a i n t i e s an d di f f i c u l t i e s , th e sy n o d be n e f i t e d fr o m an up s u r g e in gi v i n g un p r e c e d e n t e d in it s hi s t o r y . In ea c h of th e wa r ye a r s th e co n g r e g a t i o n s al l pa i d th e i r sy n o d i c a l ap p o r t i o n m e n t in fu l l an d th e y ga v e ge n e r o u s l y to Lu t h e r a n Wo r l d Ac t i o n fo r re f u g e e s , mi l i t a r y se r v i c e pr o j e c t s , an d or p h a n e d mi s s i o n s . In 19 4 7 , th e ye a r of Dr . Mo r g a n ' s re t i r e m e n t as sy n o d pr e s i d e n t , th e sy n o d br o k e al l nr e v i o u s re c o r d s fo r gi v i n g , no t on l y me e t i n g al l lo c a l ob l i g a t i o n s , bu t ^o pa y W ap p o r ' o n m e n t to th e Un i t e d Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h in an d 19 4 7 th a n it ha d in an y pr e v i o u s pe r i o d of si m i l a r le n g t h , lo n g e d - f o r re u n i o n an d me r g e r in 19 2 1 , th e vi g o r o u s gr o w t h of au x i l i a r i e s , th e hi g h an n u a l in c r e a s e in me m b e r s h i p an d g' v m g , th e pe r f e c t i o n of th e co m m i t t e e sy s t e m s , an d th e es t a b l i s h m e n t of a fu l _ ti m e pr e s i d e n c y wo u l d ha v e be e n di s t i n c t i v e en o u g h , bu t th e sy n o d al s o io i n e d in fo r m i n g a na t i o n a l ch u r c h bo d y an d th u s de l e g a t e d so m e of T t s po w e r s to a mo r e in c l u s i v e ag e n c y . Th e im p l i c a t i o n s of th i s mo v e we r e to be c o m e cl e a r e r in th e fo l l o w i n g de c a d e s . Da v t e Co u n t y Pu d i i c uo r a i ) Mo c k s v i l l e , NC "T o As s i s t th e Co n g r e g a t i o n s ' 19 4 7 -1 9 7 8 Dr Ja c o b Mo r g a n in s t a l l e d th e Re v . Vo i g t Cr o m e r , D. D. . hi s su c ce s s o r , as pr e s i d e n t of sy n o d on Ju l y 6, 19 4 7 Dr . Se c r e t a r y of Sy n o d , pr e a c h e d th e se r m o n . Th a t cl u s t e r of le a d e r s sy m bo l i z e d th e co u r s e of sy n o d hi s t o r y du r i n g th e fo l l o w i n g ye a r s si n c e ma n y of th e tr e n d s ch a r a c t e r i z i n g Dr . Mo r g a n ' s lo n g ad m i n i s t r a t i o n co n t i n u e d th r o u g h th e te r m s of Dr . Cr o m e r an d hi s su c c e s s o r , Dr . Th e Re v Vo i g t Rh o d e s Cr o m e r , a so n an d gr a n d s o n of Lu t h e r a n mi n i s t e r s , ha d co m e ou t of th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d tr a d i t i o n an d ha d se r v e d pa r i s h e s in So u t h Ca r o l i n a , Li n c o l n t o n , Co n c o r d , an d Hi c k o r y be f o r e be i n g el e c t e d to su c c e e d Dr . Mo r g a n . Hi s te r m wa s a br i e f on e , be c a u s e Le n o i r - R h y n e Co l l e g e ca l l e d hi m ba c k to Hi c k o r y as it s pr e s i d e n t , af t e r he ha d se r v e d on l y tw o ye a r s as th e pr e s i d e n t ot sy n o d . Hi s ow n in t e r e s t in hi g h e r ed u c a t i o n , fa m i l y ti e s wi t h th e co l l e g e ov e r th r e e ge n e r a t i o n s , hi s ma n y ye a r s of se r v i c e on th e Le n o i r - R h y n e bo a r d ma d e le a d e r s h i p of th e co l l e g e an al m o s t in e v i t a b l e ch a n n e l fo r hi s ta l e n t s . Th e sy n o d th e n ch o s e as it s th i r d fu l l - t i m e pr e s i d e n t th e Re v . Fl a v i u s Le s l i e Co n r a d , D. D. , pa s t o r of Em m a n u e l Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h in Hi g h Po i n t an d Se c r e t a r y of th e Sy n o d fo r th e pr e v i o u s tw e l v e ye a r s . Dr . Co n r a d ha d be e n or d a i n e d by th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d . Mo s t of hi s pa r i s h mi n i s t r y ha d be e n at Em m a n u e l , bu t ha d al s o be e n ve r y ac t i v e in th e wo r k of th e sy n o d . He wa s he a r t i l y co m m i t t e d to th e ho m e mi s s i o n a r y tr a d i t i b n of Dr . Mo r g a n ' s ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , an d ci r cu m s t a n c e s pe r m i t t e d hi m to fu l f i l l ma n y of th e dr e a m s wh i c h ha d be e n th w a r t e d by th e de p r e s s i o n an d th e wa r ye a r s . Th e pe r i o d be t w e e n th e en d of Wo r l d Wa r II an d 19 6 0 sa w un pr e c e d e n t e d gr o w t h in No r t h Ca r o l i n a . In d u s t r y mo v e d in t o th e st a t e , br i n g i n g wi t h it Lu t h e r a n s fr o m th e no r t h an d th e mi d - w e s t . Th e ec o n o m y fl o u r i s h e d . Bu i l d i n g fu n d s so a r e d , re l e a s i n g a co n s t r u c t i o n bo o m th a t af f e c t e d ne a r l y ev e r y pa r i s h . In th e 19 5 0 ' s se v e n t y - f i v e ne w ch u r c h e s , ed u c a t i o n a l bu i l d i n g s or "f i r s t un i t s " of mi s s i o n s we r e bu i l t . CL H U f t C W t S - Hl 5 T 6 r v V - lU 'l M pl u s fi f t y mo r e re n o v a t i o n an d im p r o v e m e n t pr o j e c t s - Co n g r e g a t i o n s ha d en o u g h ca p i t a l le f t ov e r to bu y or bu i l d ov e r on e hu n d r e d pa r so n a g e s . Th e in f l u x of Lu t h e r a n s ha d it s gr e a t e s t im p a c t on th e sp r e a d of mi s s i o n wo r k ac r o s s th e st a t e . In 19 5 5 th e sy n o d wa s de v e l o p i n g 27 mi s s i o n po i n t s fr o m Bo o n e to K i n s t o n . Th e mo s t dr a m a t i c gr o w t h oc c u r r e d in su b u r b s an d to w n s wh e r e ne w in d u s t r i e s bu i l t pl a n t s an d tr a n s f e r r e d in pe r s o n n e l fr o m tr a d i t i o n a l l y Lu t h e r a n ar e a s . Du r i n g th e fi r s t de c a d e of Dr . Co n r a d ' s pr e s i d e n c y tw e n t y co n g r e g a t i o n s we r e or g a n i z e d , ha l f of th e m in co u n ti e s wh e r e no Lu t h e r a n ch u r c h ha d pr e v i o u s l y ex i s t e d . In ad d i t i o n ma n y mu l t i p l e - c h u r c h pa r i s h e s di v i d e d in t o se l f - s u p p o r t i n g co n g r e g a t i o n s , th u s st r e n g t h e n i n g th e sy n o d in it s ho m e te r r i t o r y . Fr o m th e be g i n n i n g of Dr . Cr o m e r ' s pr e s i d e n c y in 19 4 7 to th e en d of Dr . Co n r a d ' s ad m i n i s t r a t i o n in 19 6 2 , th e nu m b e r of ba p t i z e d Lu t h e r a n s in th e sy n o d in c r e a s e d by ov e r 22 , 0 0 0 — ne a r l y a 50 % in cr e a s e . No ot h e r pe r i o d in th e sy n o d ' s hi s t o r y co u l d ap p r o a c h th a t re c o r d of bu i l d i n g , ex p a n s i o n , an d gr o w t h . Be h i n d th e im p r e s s i v e fi g u r e s mo v e d th e en e r g i e s of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d Br o t h e r h o o d . Fr o m it s or g a n i z a t i o n it ha d be e n de d i c a t e d to th e ca u s e of ho m e mi s s i o n s . Al t h o u g h it to o k mo r e th a n tw e n t y ye a r s to ra i s e it s fi r s t $1 0 0 , 0 0 0 fo r lo a n s an d gi f t s to ne w co n g r e g a t i o n s , th e Br o t h e r h o o d do u b l e d th a t am o u n t by 19 5 7 an d V, - do u b l e d it ag a i n se v e n ye a r s la t e r . Up to on e - t h i r d of th e co s t of ne w '■ j i co n s t r u c t i o n in th e 50 ' s wa s fu r n i s h e d by th a t un i q u e re s o u r c e . Lo o k i n g ba c k . Pr e s i d e n t Co n r a d re c a l l e d th e ro l e s of ma n y me n wh o ha d ke p t th e fu n d gr o w i n g : "D r . Ja c o b L. Mo r g a n , fe r v e n t l y mi s s i o n - mi n d e d , wh o su g g e s t e d th e id e a ; Ju d g e Bi s m a r c k Ca p p s , fi r s t pr e s i d e n t an d jo v i a l co u n s e l o r ; W. K. Ma u n e y , fo r t h r i g h t , al e r t an d re a d y to go wi t h 'W e ca n do it , me n ' ; Ar t h u r W. Fi s h e r , pl e a d i n g . f o r mo r e co n g r e g a t i o n a l Br o t h e r h o o d s , mo r e gi f t s an d mi s s i o n ch u r c h e s in ev e r y co u n t y in th e St a t e ; Ha r r y E. Is e n h o u r , ze a l o u s l y ta l k i n g it up , an d te l l i n g ot h e r sy n o d s to 'g e t wi t h it ' ; Jo e C. Ri d e n h o u r , wi t h pr o g r a m s , fi l m s an d sl i d e s sh o w i n g th e fi e l d s an d th e ne e d s ; Le o n Ri v e r s , wi t h hi s Ha n d b o o k of In f o r m a t i o n an d Di r e c t i v e s ; Au b r e y Ma u n e y , pl u g g i n g fo r bo y s an d th e Bo y Sc o u t s ; Le o n a r d Mo r e t z , wa t c h i n g th e tr e a s u r y an d di s p e n s i n g th e fu n d s ; Ja m e s Hi l l a r y Fr y e an d th e Re v . W. B. Au l l pr o v i d i n g ge n e r o u s gi f t s . " Th r o u g h th e ef f o r t s of th e s e le a d e r s an d ma n y ot h e r s th e Lo a n an d Gi f t Fu n d gr e w to th e po i n t wh e r e a Ho m e Mi s s i o n Fo u n d a t i o n wa s ch a r t e r e d to ad m i n i s t e r it . Th e Fu n d be c a m e th e sy m b o l of sy n o d i c a l de d i c a t i o n to mi s s i o n an d st e w a r d s h i p . So su c c e s s f u l wa s th i s ef f o r t to en t e r ne w fi e l d s an d bu i l d ne w ch u r c h e s th a t th e sy n o d fa c e d a sh o r t a g e of mi n i s t e r s . Al t h o u g h a re c o r d nu m b e r of st u d e n t s (1 3 ) ha d be e n or d a i n e d in 19 5 5 , de m a n d co n ti n u e d to ou t r u n su p p l y . A "F u l l - t i m e Ch r i s t i a n Se r v i c e Pr o m o t i o n wa s or g a n i z e d in 19 5 9 , wi t h su m m e r ra l l i e s to en c o u r a g e yo u n g pe o p l e to co n s i d e r ch u r c h - r e l a t e d vo c a t i o n s . So u t h e r n Se m i n a r y be g a n a bi e n ni a l "S e m i n a r y Da y " th e fo l l o w i n g ye a r , so th a t hi g h sc h o o l an d co l l e g e st u d e n t s mi g h t ha v e a pe r s o n a . 1 in t r o d u c t i o n to th e o l o g i c a l ed u c a t i o n . Th e re c r u i t m e n t pr o g r a m s pr o v e d su c c e s s f u l , bu t al t h o u g h th e an n u a nu m b e r of se m i n a r y gr a d u a t e s in c r e a s e d to 25 by 19 7 0 , th e pl e a s fr o m va c a n t co n g r e g a t i o n s co n t i n u e d . Th e s e an d ot h e r co n g r e g a t i o n s lo o k e d be y o n d sy n o d i c a l bo r d e r s fo r mi n i s t e r s wh o wo u l d mo v e to No r t h Ca r o l i n a an d he l p fi l l em p t y pu l p i t s or st a f f po s i t i o n s . Th e nu m be r of ou t - o f - s t a t e cl e r g y be c a m e gr e a t en o u g h to pr o m p t th e in a u g u r a t i o n of a se r i e s of wo r k s h o p s to he l p ac q u a i n t ne w c o m e r s wi t h th e wo r k of sy n o d . Th e r e se e m e d to be mo r e th a n en o u g h fo r ev e r y o n e to do . Am i d al l th i s gr o w t h it is su r p r i s i n g to di s c o v e r th a t th e sy n o d wa s ac u t e l y wo r r i e d ov e r it s st a t i s t i c s . Th e me m b e r s h i p wa s in cr e a s i n g , bu t a vi s i t i n g ch u r c h m a n po i n t e d ou t th a t it wa s no t in cr e a s i n g as fa s t as th e st a t e ' s po p u l a t i o n so th e sy n o d wa s ac t u a l l y lo s i n g gr o u n d ! Pr e s i d e n t Co n r a d ca l l e d it "d y i n g st a t i s t i c a l l y . At te m p t i n g to re v e r s e th i s tr e n d , th e sy n o d cr e a t e d a nu m b e r of sp e c i a l ev a n g e l i s m pr o g r a m s : Th e Pr e a c h i n g - R e a c h i n g - T e a c h i n g Mi s s i o n s , Ar e a Ev a n g e l i s m Mi s s i o n s , Ne w Li f e Mi s s i o n s , Wi t n e s s i n g in Da i l y Li f e , "W i t n e s s Wh e r e Yo u Ar e " an d Ke y '7 3 . So m e of th e s e id e a s we r e ad o p t e d by th e Un i t e d Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h fo r us e th r o u g h o u t th e co u n tr y . Ot h e r fo r m a t s gr e w ou t of ch u r c h - w i d e pl a n n i n g mo s t no t a b l y th e bi e n n i a l "C a r o l i n a s Ev a n g e l i s m Co n f e r e n c e " he l d in Ch a r l o t t e fo r Lu t h e r a n s in No r t h an d So u t h Ca r o l i n a . Th e fi r s t Ca r o l i n a s Ev a n g e l i s m Co n f e r e n c e wa s or g a n i z e d in 19 6 5 , an d th e fo r m a t st i l l wa s po p u l a r in 19 7 8 . Ot h e r di r e c t ev a n g e l i s t i c wo r k wa s be i n g do n e by th e ad o p t i o n of ra d i o - a n d la t e r TV - m i n i s t r i e s . No on e ca n es t i m a t e th e ef f e c t i v e n e s s of th e s e pr o g r a m s , be c a u s e de s p i t e al l th e cr e a t i v i t y an d in t e r e s t , th e st a t i s t i c s co n t i n u e d to sl u m p . Pe r h a p s if th e r e ha d be e n no pr o g r a m s at al l th e sy n o d wo u l d ha v e ex p e r i e n c e d a nu m e r i c a l lo s s in me m b e r s ; as it wa s , th e nu m b e r s co n t i n u e d to in c h up w a r d , bu t at a fr u s t r a t i n g , sl o w ra t e . "W h i l e mo r e ha s be e n do n e in th e la s t fo u r ye a r s th a n ev e r be f o r e , " re p o r t e d th e sy n o d ' s Ev a n g e l i s m Co m m i t t e e in 19 5 9 , "i t is pa r a d o x i c a l th a t th e ga i n s in th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d th e pa s t tw o ye a r s ha v e be e n th e le a s t of an y tw o - y e a r pe r i o d of th e la s t de c a d e . " Am o n g th e ex pl a n a t i o n s pr o p o s e d fo r th i s ap p a r e n t la c k of re s u l t s wa s Pr e s i d e n t Co n r a d ' s su g g e s t i o n th a t in a d e q u a t e at t e n t i o n wa s be i n g gi v e n to ma i n t a i n i n g me m b e r s on c e th e y ha d jo i n e d . "T h e ba c k do o r of th e ch u r c h se e m s to be op e n to o wi d e , " he sa i d , an d th e fr o n t do o r , pe r h a p s , no t wi d e en o u g h . " ^ It is ob v i o u s th a t me m b e r s we r e be i n g ch a l l e n g e d to gi v e th e i r ut - co u n t y Hu ) i i c uo i a r , (I h u r c h e S - H1 5 To P - Y n , mo s t in su p p o r t of sy n o d i c a l ca u s e s . Ho m e mi s s i o n s le d th e li s t , wi t h I ab o u t ha l f of al l th e mo n e y gi v e n to sy n o d in th e 19 5 0 ' s go i n g fo r j ch u r c h ex t e n s i o n . In ad d i t i o n Le n o i r - R h y n e , th e se m i n a r y , Lu - { th e r i d g e , an d a ne w ch u r c h he a d q u a r t e r s bu i l d i n g in Sa l i s b u r y we r e \ th e ob j e c t s of sp e c i a l fu n d - r a i s i n g ca m p a i g n s in al l co n g r e g a t i o n s . Du r - in g th a t de c a d e th e r e wa s al w a y s on e sp e c i a l ap p e a l be f o r e th e pe o p l e , an d du r i n g on e ye a r th r e e ca m p a i g n s we r e co n d u c t e d at th e sa m e • ti m e . Th e n , in 19 5 8 , th e Un i t e d Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h as k e d al l it s sy n o d s . to do u b l e th e i r co n t r i b u t i o n s to it s be n e v o l e n c e pr o g r a m . Th e sy n o d ha d ac c e p t e d a si m i l a r ch a l l e n g e ba c k in 19 4 8 , an d ha d in c r e a s e d it s be n e v o l e n c e by 16 7 % in on e ye a r . 19 5 8 wa s mo r e di f f i c u l t . In th e ye a r s ju s t pa s t th e sy n o d ' s bu d g e t ha d so a r e d at a ra t e ap p r o a c h i n g 11 % pe r ye a r . Ad d to th a t th e sp e c i a l ap p e a l s wh i c h ne t t e d mo r e th a n a mi l l i o n an d a ha l f do l l a r s fo r in s t i t u t i o n s , pl u s a 10 0 % re c o r d on ap p o r t i o n e d be n e v o l e n c e to th e UL C A , an d on e be g i n s to wo n d e r ho w mu c h mo r e co u l d be ex p e c t e d . Me m b e r s du g de e p e r , ho w e v e r , an d br o u g h t th e sy n o d wi t h i n 25 % of it s do u b l e d go a l . Ex c l u d i n g sp e c i a l ca m p a i g n s , th e to t a l gi v e n fo r al l ca u s e s in 19 5 8 wa s $6 4 9 , 1 2 1 — th r e e ti m e s th e gi v i n g le v e l a de c a d e ea r l i e r . No t on l y wa s th e sy n o d ge n e r o u s wi t h tr a d i t i o n a l ca u s e s — mi s s i o n s , Le n o i r - R h y n e , an d th e se m i n a r y , bu t it al s o in c r e a s e d it s pr o g r a m by op e n i n g an as s e m b l y gr o u n d an d ca m p an d mo v i n g st r o n g l y in t o ca m p u s mi n i s t r y at no n - L u t h e r a n co l l e g e s . Th e vi s i o n of a ch u r c h ca m p ha d ca p t i v a t e d th e im a g i n a t i o n s of so m e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n s si n c e 19 1 8 . Ex p e r i e n c e wi t h su m m e r pr o g r a m s fo r ch u r c h sc h o o l wo r k e r s de m o n s t r a t e d th e ne e d fo r as s e m bl y gr o u n d s , an d ot h e r so u t h e r n sy n o d s ex p r e s s e d in t e r e s t in co o p e r a t i v e ow n e r s h i p . Pr o p e r t y ne a r As h e v i l l e wa s pu r c h a s e d in 19 4 6 , an d th e ne x t ye a r it wa s na m e d "L u t h e r i d g e . " Th e Re v . J. Le w i s Th o r n b u r g be c a m e it s fi r s t Ex e c u t i v e Di r e c t o r . So o n do n a t i o n s we r e be i n g re q u e s t e d , bu i l d i n g s be g a n to ri s e an d a su m m e i ; ca m p i n g se s s i o n wa s or g a n i z e d un d e r Dr . Th o r n b u r g an d hi s su c c e s s o r s , th e Re v . De x t e r Mo s e r , th e Re v . Br a d y Fa g g a r t , an d th e Re v . Ro b e r t Tr o u t m a n . Lu t h e r i d g e ' s pr o g r a m ex p a n d e d st e a d i l y . Th e fi r s t su m m e r se s s i o n la s t e d on l y se v e n we e k s , bu t so o n th e en t i r e su m m e r wa s oc cu p i e d wi t h ca m p i n g an d ed u c a t i o n a l pr o g r a m s fo r al l ag e s , in c l u d i n g sp e c i a l we e k s fo r Ch u r c h mu s i c , fo r th e me n t a l l y re t a r d e d , an d fo r se n i o r ci t i z e n s . Th e bu i l d i n g of Ko h n - J o y In n in 19 6 4 pe r m i t t e d ye a r - ro u n d us e , so we e k e n d co n f e r e n c e s be c a m e mo r e po p u l a r in th e wi n t e r mo n t h s . Lu t h e r i d g e al s o pr o v i d e d pr i v a t e lo t s fo r su m m e r ho m e s , ca m p i n g pl a c e s fo r te n t s an d tr a i l e r s , an d pi c n i c fa c i l i t i e s fo r da y vi s i t o r s . In 19 5 3 ab o u t 15 0 0 pe r s o n s en r o l l e d in Lu t h e r i d g e pr o g r a m s ; by 19 7 3 th e pa r t i c i p a n t ro l l ha d gr o w n to ov e r 10 , 0 0 0 . Mo s t of th e fu n d s fo r th e pr o p e r t y an d bu i l d i n g s we r e ob t a i n e d th r o u g h th e un t i r in g in d i v i d u a l so l i c i t a t i o n ef f o r t s of Dr . Th o r n b u r g an d hi s su c c e s s o r s . l^ c J V i e Co u n t y Pu D i i c Li D i O f Mo c k s v i l l e , NC -- x Wh i s n o u t Me m o r i a l Ch a p e l . Lu t h e r i d g e , un d e r co n s t r u c t i o n Sa l e of pr i v a t e lo t s , wh i c h co s t be t w e e n $4 5 0 an d $7 5 0 in 19 5 0 , he l p e d a li t t l e . On l y on e ge n e r a l fu n d i n g ca m p a i g n wa s he l d in No r t h Ca r o l i n a an d th e ot h e r su p p o r t i n g sy n o d s ; No r t h Ca r o l i n a , as us u a l , me t it s An o t h e r ar e a of mi n i s t r y wh i c h de v e l o p e d ra p i d l y co n c e r n e d mi n i s t r y to st u d e n t s at t e n d i n g no n - L u t h e r a n co l l e g e s an d un i v e r si t i e s . Ca m p u s mi n i s t r y ha d be e n ca r r i e d on by pa s t o r s of co n g r e g a t i o n s ne a r th e s e sc h o o l s , bu t th e ex p a n s i o n m ed u c a t i o n af t e r Wo r l d Wa r II pr e s e n t e d a ch a l l e n g e th a t co u l d ha r d l y be me t on a pa r t - t i m e ba s i s . Fu l l - t i m e wo r k wa s be g u n at Du k e Un i v e r si t y in ' 1 9 5 1 an d ap p r o p r i a t i o n s fr o m th e sy n o d fo r ca m p u s mi n i s t r y cl i m b e d te n f o l d be t w e e n 19 5 2 an d 19 7 5 . In ad d i t i o n , sp e c i a l ca m p a i g n s ra i s e d mo n e y fo r a fa c i l i t y at Ra l e i g h to se r v e No r t h Ca r o l i n a St a t e Co l l e g e an d fo r a ch u r c h at Ch a p e l Hi l l to se r v e th e Un i v e r s i t y of No r t h Ca r o l i n a . A co n g r e g a t i o n a l ap p e a l in 19 6 6 ca l l e d CA M P U S pr o vi d e d ov e r $2 0 0 , 0 0 0 fo r ad d i t i o n a l fa c i l i t i e s th r o u g h o u t th e st a t e . Th e s e ri s i n g co s t s re f l e c t e d a wi d e n e d se n s e of re s p o n s i b i l i t y on th e pa r t of th e sy n o d . No lo n g e r di d Lu t h e r a n s ex p e c t th a t al l st u d e n t s wo u l d at t e n d Le n o i r - R h y n e ; th e y re c o g n i z e d th a t an in c r e a s i n g pe r ce n t a g e of th e i r yo u n g pe o p l e wo u l d at t e n d ot h e r pr i v a t e or st a t e in - C Hg j l C H t - S - Hv 5 T O M - t- W - T H Lu t h e r a n So u t h e r n Th e o l o g i c a l Se m i n a r y st i t u t i o n s , an d th e y de t e r m i n e d th a t th e mi n i s t r y of th e ch u r c h wo u l d be th e r e to o . th bo r d e r s of No r t h Ca r o l i n a ot h e r ev e n t s al s o af f e c t e d th e hf e of th e sy M d in pr o f o u n d wa y s . Th e de c a d e s be t w e e n 19 4 7 an d Vf l L s r T H f' f, Re v o l u t i o n , Ko r e a , ra c i a l un r e s t , Vi e t n a m , an d se v e r a l sm a l l - s c a l e wa r s . Th e s e di s t u r b a n c e s se n t ri p pl e s in t o sy n o d i c a l af f a i r s wh i c h ca l l e d fo r t h ef f o r t s fo r re l i e f , re s e t - tl e m e n t , an d re a d j u s t m e n t to so c i a l is s u e s . a™ of Co m m u n i s m af t e r Wo r l d Wa r II th r e a t e n e d Am e r i c a wi t h a fr an k l y at h e i s t i c po l i t i c a l sy s t e m wh i c h op p o s e d it on th e mi s s i o n fi e l d an d on th e ba t t l e f i e l d . Mi s s i o n a r i e s wh o ha d ob t a i n e d pe r m i s s i o n to re t u r n to Ch i n a af t e r th e Ja p a n e s e le f t so o n fo u n d th e m se l v e s in v o l v e d in a ne w wa r , th i s ti m e no t of fo r e i g n co n q u e s t bu t of la n d r w h Y s T wT ' "" i ! " " ot h e r a ds wh o sh o u l d ha v e sh a r e d th e i r pl e n t y , " wr o t e Mi s s Cl a r a Su l l i v a n fr o m he r mi s s i o n st a t i o n am o n g "a se a of re f u g e e s . " Sh e st a y e d as lo n g ha d hr T '• ' ' I t ti m e wa r ha d br o k e n ou t in Ko r e a , an d No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n s we r e se n d i n g S mi l i t a "h th e i r of f e r i n g s ov e r s e a s . Se r v i c e ce n t e r s op e n e d ir e d in th ' Le n o i r - R h y n e co l l e g e st u d e n t s re e d o r t h 'f ^ ' o g " " ' ! st r u g g l e by fi l l i n g bo t t l e s wi t h me s s a g e s of fr ee d o m to be fl o a t e d as h o r e on th e Ch i n e s e ma i n l a n d . Th e ge n e r o u s re s p o n s e to th e pl i g h t of pe r s o n s di s p l a c e d by Ru s s i a n tr o o p s fr o m th e i r ho m e s in Ea s t e r n Eu r o p e co n t i n u e d th r o u g h o u t th e pe r i o d , al t h o u g h th e pe r s o n s he l p e d ca m e fr o m a va r i e t y of co u n t r i e s . At fi r s t th e di s p l a c e d pe r s o n s we r e fr o m th e Ba l t i c co u n t r i e s an d ea s t e r n Ge r m a n y . Ov e r a th o u s a n d of th e s e "D . P . ' s " fo u n d ho m e s in No r t h Ca r o l i n a . Th e n , in th e ea r l y 70 s re f u g e e s fr o m Ug a n d a re c e i v e d a ne w st a r t th r o u g h th e ho s p i t a l i t y of Lu t h e r a n s in th e st a t e . As th e Vi e t n a m co n f l i c t en d e d . No r t h Ca r o li n i a n s on c e ag a i n sp o n s o r e d re f u g e e s an d lo c a t e d jo b s fo r fa m i l i e s fr o m So u t h e a s t As i a . Ov e r an d ab o v e th i s di r e c t ai d , th e sy n o d he l p e d to co l l e c t th o u s a n d s of po u n d s of cl o t h i n g an d bl a n k e t s ea c h ye a r . Th e s e gi f t s we r e se n t by wa y of Lu t h e r a n Wo r l d Ac t i o n - la t e r Lu t h e r a n Wo r l d Re l i e f - to vi c t i m s of ea r t h q u a k e in Gu a t e m a l a , fl o o d in Pe n n s y l v a n i a , wa r in Bi a f r a an d in v a s i o n in Ba n g l a d e s h . Ad d i t i o n a l th o u ' s a n d s of do l l a r s po u r e d in du r i n g 19 7 5 - 7 6 to an s w e r th e im m e d i a t e an d lo n g - t e r m ne e d s of wo r l d hu n g e r . Cl o s e r to ho m e , ra c i a l is s u e s oc c u p i e d mu c h sy n o d i c a l ti m e an d at te n t i o n . Se g r e g a t i o n wa s de c l a r e d il l e g a l by th e Su p r e m e Co u r t in 19 5 4 an d by th e ea r l y 19 6 0 ' s ne w s p a p e r s we r e re p o r t i n g si t - i n s , fr e e d o m ri d e s , an d "k n e e l - i n s . " In 19 6 5 th e Ci v i l Ri g h t s Ac t re m o v e d mo s t le g a l an d so c i a l ba r r i e r s to eq u a l i t y fo r Bl a c k s . Wi t h i n th i s hi s t o r i c a l fr a m e w o r k th e sy n o d at t e m p t e d to fu l f i l l a mi s s i o n fo r wh i c h it ha d fe l t a pa r t i c u l a r re s p o n s i b i l i t y . Pe r h a p s th e ex i s t e n c e of a Bl a c k Lu t h e r a n sy n o d on it s te r r i t o r y in th e da y s of Re c o n s t r u c t i o n ha d so m e t h i n g to do wi t h it ; pe r h a p s th e co n t i n u i n g mi n i s t r y of th e Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h - M i s s o u r i Sy n o d to Bl a c k s at Im m a n u e l Co l l e g e in Gr e e n s b o r o ke p t th e id e a al i v e , bu t am o n g al l th e so u t h e r n sy n o d s of th e Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h in Am e r i c a , th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d wa s th e mo s t se r i o u s in it s ef f o r t s to im p l e m e n t in t e r - r a c i a l mi n i s t r y . At fi r s t th e pr o p o s a l s su g g e s t e d wo r k am o n g Bl a c k s by Bl a c k s , bu t ev e n th a t co n c e p t co u l d no t wi n po p u l a r su p p o r t . A sp e c i a l co m m i s s i o n re p o r t e d in 19 5 4 th a t co n g r e g a t i o n s we r e "n o t ye t re a d y or wi l l i n g to pa y th e fu l l pr i c e , an d ac c e p t th e fu l l re s p o n s i b i l i t i e s wh i c h at t e n d su c h a pr o g r a m . " Tw o ye a r s la t e r , ho w e v e r , th e sy n o d de c l a r e d it s e l f in op po s i t i o n to th e pr i n c i p l e an d pr a c t i c e of in v o l u n t a r y se g r e g a t i o n of ra c e s an d in su p p o r t of eq u a l pr i v i l e g e s an d un r e s t r i c t e d op p o r t u n i t y fo r al l . " So re a d th e of f i c i a l re c o r d , bu t th e r e is li t t l e ev i d e n c e th a t an y gr e a t ch a n g e ha d be e n ef f e c t e d in th e he a r t s of me m b e r s be t w e e n 19 5 4 an d 19 5 6 . Ra c i a l pa t t e r n s re m a i n e d pr e t t y mu c h th e sa m e . Th e ma n y ot h e r ta s k s fa c i n g th e sy n o d ma d e it ea s y to po s t p o n e si g n i f i c a n t ac ti o n in th i s co n t r o v e r s i a l ar e a . Th e sp e c t a c u l a r gr o w t h of Lu t h e r a n i s m in No r t h Ca r o l i n a , wh e t h e r me a s u r e d in co n g r e g a t i o n s , me m b e r s , co n t r i b u t i o n s , pr o g r a m s , or co n c e r n s , pr e s e n t e d th e sy n o d wi t h an im m e n s e ch a l l e n g e . Th e on l y fu l l - t i m e of f i c e r wa s Pr e s i d e n t Co n r a d , an d th e on l y fu l l - t i m e st a f f sa l a r y wa s fo r hi s se c r e t a r y . A nu m b e r of ot h e r pa r t - t i m e po s i t i o n s — Se c r e t a r y , Tr e a s u r e r , an d th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n st a f f — re c e i v e d ho n o r a r i a or ex p e n s e s . Co m m i t t e e s we r e cl a m o r i n g fo r ad d i t i o n a l st a f f to se r v e th e i r ne e d s . Pa r i s h ed u c a t i o n ne e d e d a Di r e c t o r ; an d Ev a n g e l i s m Di r e c t o r s h i p ha d be e n ap p r o v e d bu t ne v e r fi l l e d . So m e fe l t th a t a fu l l - t i m e Se c r e t a r y sh o u l d be el e c t e d . Ot h e r s ca l l e d fo r a yo u t h wo r k e r . Th e Ex e c u t i v e Co m m i t t e e ap p o i n t e d an As s i s t a n t to th e Pr e s i d e n t , ho p i n g th a t he mi g h t be ut i l i z e d wh e r e v e r th e ne e d wa s th e gr e a t e s t . In Ju l y of 19 5 5 . th e Re v . Er n e s t L. Mi s e n h e i m e r ac c e p t e d th e ap p o i n t m e n t , wi t h sp e c i a l re s p o n si b i l i t i e s in th e ar e a s of st e w a r d s h i p an d ev a n g e l i s m . Th r e e ye a r s la t e r Mi s s Ja n e Si g m o n be c a m e th e fi r s t sy n o d i c a l Di r e c t o r of Ch r i s t i a n 1 Ed u c a t i o n . Th e s e ap p o i n t m e n t s he l p e d to sh a r e th e le a d e r s h i p ta s k s of sy n o d , bu t it be c a m e cl e a r th a t a mo r e th o r o u g h st u d y sh o u l d be do n e . i A "C o m m i t t e e on th e Or g a n i z a t i o n a l St r u c t u r e of Sy n o d " (C O S S ) wa s gi v e n th e ta s k of re v i e w i n g ev e r y t h i n g fr o m th e Co n s t i t u t i o n to th e lo c a t i o n of sy n o d i c a l of f i c e s . Wh e n th e ti m e ca m e to vo t e on co m m i t t e e pr o p o s a l s in 19 6 1 st a f f ne e d s we r e so ac u t e th a t th e co n v e n t i o n di d no t kn o w wh i c h wa y to tu r n . Th e id e a of a fu l l - t i m e se c r e t a r y wa s re j e c t e d , la r g e l y be c a u s e su p p o r t e r s of th e ho m e mi s s i o n ca u s e fe l t a Mi s s i o n Su p e r i n t e n d e n t sh o u l d be th e ne x t fu l l - t i m e po s i t i o n . Fo r th e sa m e re a s o n , th e va c a n c y fo r Di r e c t o r of Ch r i s t i a n Ed u c a t i o n co u l d no t be fi l l e d . Ev e n a pr o p o s a l fo r a fu l l - t i m e bo o k k e e p e r wa s de f e r r e d un t i l th e Su p e r i n t e n d e n t is s u e -- co u l d be de c i d e d . Th e co n v e n t i o n fi n a l l y vo t e d to "i n s t r u c t " th e Ex e c u t i v e Co m m i t t e e to el e c t a Su p e r i n t e n d e n t of Ho m e Mi s s i o n s an d to de v e l o p a jo b de s c r i p t i o n an d sa l a r y le v e l . At th a t po i n t , Pr e s i d e n t Fr a n k l i n Cl a r k Fr y of th e Un i t e d Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h in Am e r i c a , wh o wa s pr e s e n t at th e co n v e n t i o n , ad v i s e d th e de l e g a t e s th a t a ne w re g i o n a l or g a n i z a t i o n of th e ch u r c h ' s mi s s i o n wo r k wo u l d pr o b a b l y ma k e a sy n o d i c a l su p e r i n t e n d e n t un n e c e s s a r y . Dr . Fr y ' s co m m e n t s in t r o d u c e d a fa c t o r wh i c h wo u l d pl a y a si g n i f i c a n t ro l e in th e li f e of th e sy n o d du r i n g th e ne x t fo u r ye a r s . Th e Un i t e d Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h wa s co n t e m p l a t i n g a me r g e r wi t h th r e e ot h e r No r t h Am e r i c a n Lu t h e r a n bo d i e s , re p r e s e n t i n g Sw e d i s h , Da n i s h , an d Fi n n i s h tr a d i t i o n s . As it tu r n e d ou t , th e me r g e r di d no t ch a n g e th e si z e of th e sy n o d as th e pr e v i o u s me r g e r wi t h th e Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d ha d do n e , bu t it di d af f e c t th e sy n o d ' s wo r k in ot h e r wa y s . 'T h e mo s t se n s i t i v e is s u e in th e me r g e r , as fa r as th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d wa s co n c e r n e d , wa s th e fa t e of it s th r i v i n g ho m e mi s s i o n pr o g r a m . As ea r l y as 19 5 4 th e sy n o d fe l t th a t "c e n t r a l i z i n g " te n d e n c i e s in th e Un i t e d Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h in Am e r i c a we r e th r e a t e n i n g lo c a l in i t i a t i v e . Th e fe a r s se e m e d ju s t i f i e d tw o ye a r s la t e r , wh e n th e UL C A to l d th e sy n o d th a t it s sy n o d i c a l mi s s i o n pr o g r a m di d no t su i t ch u r c h - w i d e mi s s i o n st r a t e g y . Sy n o d i c a l le a d e r s h i p br i s t l e d 50 Co u n t y Pu b l i c UD f ; Mo c k s v i l l e , HO an d su g g e s t e d ig n o r i n g th e ac t i o n . Di f f e r e n c e s we r e so o n ir o n e d ou t , bu t th e n ta l k of ch u r c h - w i d e me r g e r ra i s e d an x i e t i e s ag a i n . Th e Co m m i t t e e on Or g a n i z a t i o n a l St r u c t u r e of Sy n o d , in ad d i t i o n to th e i r wo r k on st a f f ne e d s , al s o ha d th e re s p o n s i b i l i t y of re c o m me n d i n g a ne w co n s t i t u t i o n to th e sy n o d . Mi n d f u l of th e co n c e r n s ov e r th e Ho m e Mi s s i o n Fo u n d a t i o n an d lo c a l co n t r o l of mi s s i o n wo r k , th e Co m m i t t e e ' s re c o m m e n d e d co n s t i t u t i o n in c l u d e d ar t i c l e s as s e r t i n g th a t sy n o d ' s ch i e f bo n d wa s wi t h th e lo c a l co n g r e g a t i o n an d th a t "e v e r y ot h e r al l e g i a n c e " wa s "s u b o r d i n a t e " to th a t lo c a l bo n d . Fu r th e r m o r e . re g u l a t i o n of th e fi n a n c i a l pr o g r a m wa s pl a c e d m th e By la w s . so th a t it wo u l d no t be su b j e c t to st a n d a r d s im p o s e d on th e Co n st i t u t i o n it s e l f by th e ch u r c h at la r g e . In th i s wa y sy n o d ho p e d to ma i n ta i n co n t r o l of it s Ho m e Mi s s i o n Fo u n d a t i o n de s p i t e gu i d e l i n e s to th e co n t r a r y fr o m th e Un i t e d Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h . A se r i e s of co n f e r e n c e s wi t h na t i o n a l ch u r c h of f i c i a l s , co n s i d e r a t i o n at th r e e sy n o d i c a l co n ve n t i o n s , an d nu m e r o u s re v i s i o n s of th e Co n s t i t u t i o n fa i l e d to fi n d a so l u t i o n . Me a n w h i l e th e me r g e r cr e a t i n g th e Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h in Am e r i c a cr e p t cl o s e r . Al l me r g i n g sy n o d s we r e to ha v e co n s t i t u t i o n s in ag r e e m e n t wi t h th e LC A ' s Ap p r o v e d Co n s t i t u t i o n fo r Sy n o d s by th e da t e of th e me r g e r , Ja n u a r y 1, 1 9 6 3 . Th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d wa s in a qu a n d r y . De s p i t e Dr . Fr y ' s wa r n i n g , it ha d ap p o i n t e d a Su p e r i n te n d e n t of Ho m e Mi s s i o n s in th e pe r s o n of th e Re v . Da v i d Jo ^ " s o n Ye t it di d no t fe e l fr e e to re j e c t th e me r g e r do c u m e n t s of th e LL A an d th u s pl a c e it s e l f in a "s c h i s m a t i c an d di v i s i v e " po s i t i o n . Ch a i r m a n Jo h n Yo s t , Jr . , of th e Co m m i t t e e on Or g a n i z a t i o n a l St r u c t u r e of Sy n o d , ha d ma n a g e d to wo r k ou t a nu m b e r of di f f e r e n c e s be t w e e n th e sy n o d an d th e me r g i n g ch u r c h , bu t he fi n a l l y re p o r t e d th a t it wo u l d be im p o s s i b l e fo r th e sy n o d to ha v e a su i t a b l e co n s t i t u t i o n re a d y in ti m e fo r th e me r g e r . Th e sy n o d , in ef f e c t , wo u l d be op e r a t i n g wi t h o u t a co n st i t u t i o n af t e r Ja n u a r y , 19 6 3 . Th e re v i s e d co n s t i t u t i o n wo u l d se r v e as "R u l e s of Pr o c e d u r e " un t i l a co n s t i t u t i o n ac c e p t a b l e to th e LL A co u l d be ad o p t e d . Ho m e Mi s s i o n st r a t e g y wa s no t th e on l y po i n t at is s u e in 19 6 0 - 6 3 . Di f f e r e n c e s wi t h th e LC A al s o ex i s t e d on ma t t e r s ra n g i n g fr o m th e or g a n i z a t i o n of au x i l i a r i e s fo r me n , wo m e n , an d yo u n g pe o p l e , to th e na m e of sy n o d an d th e ag e of re t i r e m e n t of it s of f i c e r s . Th e ap p r o v e d na m e of sy n o d re q u i r e d th e dr o p p i n g of th e te r m "U n i t e d " fr o m it s ti t l e - a re m i n d e r of th e me r g e r in 19 2 1 - an d th e ad o p t i o n of th e fo r m "T h e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d of th e Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h in Am e r i c a . On a mo r e pe r s o n a l le v e l , re t i r e m e n t po l i c i e s in th e LC A ma d e it im po s s i b l e fo r Dr . Co n r a d to co n t i n u e as sy n o d pr e s i d e n t . In a re a l se n s e th e me r g e r pr o c e s s br o u g h t an en d to th e er a of sy n o d li f e wh i c h ha d be g u n wi t h th e fu l l - t i m e pr e s i d e n c y of Dr . Ja c o b Mo r g a n in 19 1 9 . Dr . Mo r g a n hi m s e l f ha d di e d in 19 6 1 ; th e fo l l o w i n g dH a t i C H e S - - ye a r Dr . Co n r a d , hi s co - w o r k e r an d th e he i r of hi s po l i c i e s , st e p p e d \ do w n as pr e s i d e n t . Th e pe r i o d fr o m 19 1 9 to 19 6 2 ha d be g u n wi t h th e me r g e r of th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a an d Te n n e s s e e Sy n o d s , an d it s ea r l y ye a r s ha d be e n sp e n t in fo r g i n g a ne w sp i r i t of sy n o d i c a l id e n t i t y . Th e Un i t e d Ev a n g e l i c a l Lu t h e r a n Sy n o d of No r t h Ca r o l i n a de v e l o p e d a hi g h se n s e of lo y a l t y an d se l f - i n i t i a t i v e . De c a d e s of ex p a n s i o n , ho m e mi s s i o n de v e l o p m e n t . Lo a n an d Gi f t Fu n d pr o m o t i o n an d fi n a n c i a l gr o w t h ha d fo l l o w e d on e an o t h e r fo r fo r t y ye a r s . Th e st r u c t u r e of th e ne w Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h in Am e r i c a , ho w e v e r , de m a n d e d a ne w ty p e of lo y a l t y - no t to th e sy n o d , bu t to a co n t i n e n t - w i d e ch u r c h bo d y . So c i a l is s u e s of th e 60 ' s , to o , wo u l d br i n g ne w pr i o r i t i e s an d ch a l l e n g e s . Th e sy n o d ne e d e d to fi n d le a d e r s wh o wo u l d sh a p e th e po l i c i e s re q u i r e d by I th e s e ne w ci r c u m s t a n c e s . i Al t h o u g h th e sy n o d fi r s t el e c t e d Dr . Jo h n Yo s t , Jr . , wh o ha d | fi g u r e d pr o m i n e n t l y in th e re s t r u c t u r i n g pr o c e s s , as it s ne w pr e s i d e n t , | Dr . Yo s t de c l i n e d in or d e r to st a y in th e pa r i s h . Sy n o d th e n tu r n e d to f th e ma n wh o ha d be e n a st r o n g ca n d i d a t e th r o u g h o u t th e ba l l o t i n g , Dr . ' Ge o r g e R. Wh i t t e c a r . Dr . Wh i t t e c a r wa s se r v i n g as pa s t o r of St . Ja m e s , Co n c o r d , bu t ha d be e n Pr e s i d e n t of th e Sy n o d of Ka n s a s an d Ad j a c e n t St a t e s an d wa s ex p e r i e n c e d in th e wi d e r wo r k of th e ch u r c h . Dr . Wh i t t e c a r co n s i d e r e d hi s el e c t i o n to be a de c i s i o n by th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d to ta k e it s pl a c e in th e LC A as a fu l l pa r t n e r , ra t h e r th a n as a re l u c t a n t by - s t a n d e r . A ne w co n s t i t u t i o n wa s ad o p t e d in 19 6 3 an d a ne w st a f f st r u c t u r e ap p r o v e d . Dr . Er n e s t Mi s e n h e i m e r wa s as k e d by Pr e s i d e n t Wh i t t e c a r to st a y on as As s i s t a n t to th e Pr e s i d e n t , an d th e Re v . Wi l f o r d Ly e r l y be c a m e th e ne w fu l l - t i m e sy n o d Se c r e t a r y . Th e Re v . Br a d y Fa g g a r t fi l l e d th e va c a n t po s t of Se c r e t a r y fo r Ch r i s t i a n Ed u c a t i o n . Ev e n th e ho m e mi s s i o n le a d e r s h i p qu e s t i o n fo u n d a so l u t i o n . Su p e r i n t e n d e n t Da v i d Jo h n s o n wa s ap p o i n t e d by th e LC A ' s Bo a r d of Am e r i c a n Mi s s i o n s to se r v e as it s Re g i o n a l Di r e c t o r fo r No r t h Ca r o l i n a an d ot h e r st a t e s , so he ma i n t a i n e d hi s co n n e c t i o n wi t h th e sy n o d an d at th e sa m e ti m e re p r e s e n t e d th e re g i o n a l wo r k of th e LC A . Un d e r hi s le a d e r s h i p th e 19 6 0 ' s be c a m e a re c o r d de c a d e , wi t h 25 mi s s i o n s or g a n i z e d on th e te r r i t o r y of th e sy n o d . On e pr o b l e m th a t di d no t go aw a y co n c e r n e d sy n o d i c a l au x i l i a r i e s fo r me n , wo m e n , an d yo u n g pe o p l e . Al t h o u g h th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h Me n , Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h Wo m e n , an d Lu t h e r Le a g u e ha d be e n am o n g th e st r o n g e s t sy n o d i c a l un i t s in th e LC A , th e y su f fe r e d fr o m th e ge n e r a l co m p e t i t i o n fo r ti m e th a t al l vo l u n t a r y or g a n i z a t i o n s ex p e r i e n c e d af t e r 19 6 0 . Th e Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h Wo m e n ha d al w a y s ma i n t a i n e d hi g h le v e l s of me m b e r s h i p an d gi v i n g . It pr o b a b l y re a c h e d it s pe a k nu m b e r of me m b e r s in 19 6 2 , wh e n it en r o l l e d 11 , 0 8 5 wo m e n . It s co n t r i b u t i o n s fo r mi s s i o n a r y an d re l i e f ac ti v i t y re a c h e d an an n u a l le v e l of $9 6 , 7 7 4 in 19 6 1 . Al t h o u g h no gr e a t 52 Da v i e Co u n i y Pu D l i c Mo c k s v i l l e . h Li D i ' a r > de c l i n e fo l l o w e d , le a d e r s of th e LC W fo u n d it ha r d e r to ma i n t a i n ac t i v e ci r c l e s in co n g r e g a t i o n s wh e r e an in c r e a s i n g nu m b e r of wo m e n we r e be c o m i n g em p l o y e d ou t s i d e th e i r ho m e s . Th e Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h Me n fo u g h t an ev e n mo r e st r e n u o u s ba t t l e fo r su r v i v a l . Th e na t i o n a l or g a n i z a t i o n di s s o l v e d in 19 6 6 , so No r t h Ca r o l i n a se t up it s ow n "L u t h e r a n Me n " as a sy n o d i c a l au x i l i a r y . Th e i r de d i c a t i o n to th e Lo a n an d Gi f t Fu n d co n t i n u e d , wi t h co n t r i b u t i o n s an d be q u e s t s ra i s i n g th e pr i n c i p a l to ov e r $1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 by Ja n u a r y of 19 7 7 . At la s t in 19 7 2 th e lo n g - t i m e dr e a m of a Di r e c t o r fo r th e Lu t h e r a n Me n be c a m e a re a l i t y wi t h th e em p l o y m e n t of th e Re v . Wa l t e r Yo u n t . In ad d i t i o n to th e i r wo r k fo r mi s s i o n s , th e me n al s o ma i n t a i n e d an ac t i v e Bo y Sc o u t pr o g r a m an d de s i g n a t e d pa r t of th e i r Lo a n an d Gi f t in c o m e as sc h o l a r s h i p fu n d s fo r se m i n a r y st u d e n t s . Th e Lu t h e r Le a g u e , pr o b a b l y th e mo s t ac t i v e sy n o d i c a l yo u t h or g a n i z a t i o n in th e LC A , pr o v i d e d na t i o n a l le a d e r s h i p in th e yo u t h mo v e m e n t wh i l e ma i n t a i n i n g a st r o n g pr o g r a m of wo r k ca m p s , ca r a v a n s , an d so c i a l mi n i s t r y pr o j e c t s . LC A po l i c y mo v e d aw a y fr o m a se p a r a t e yo u t h or g a n i z a t i o n to a co n c e p t th a t wo u l d "l i f t th e cl a s s i f i c a t i o n st i g m a of a yo u t h au x i l i a r y " an d re p l a c e it wi t h a co n c e p t of pa r t n e r s h i p . Th e ne w pr o g r a m , ca l l e d "Y o u t h Mi n i s t r y , " co n c e n t r a t e d on oc c a s i o n a l pr o g r a m s , ra l l i e s , or pr o j e c t s , ra t h e r th a n on a se p a r a t e yo u t h or g a n i z a t i o n . Be g i n n i n g in 19 7 1 , "Y o u t h St a f f e r s , yo u n g pe o p l e wh o gi v e a ye a r to wo r k am o n g th e co n g r e g a t i o n s of a sy n o d , ha v e pr o v i d e d th e le a d e r s h i p fo r th i s pr o g r a m , in co l l a b o r a t i o n wi t h ot h e r me m b e r s of th e sy n o d i c a l st a f f . Ot h e r ch a n g e s in sy n o d i c a l pr o g r a m s be c a m e ne c e s s a r y in or d e r to ad j u s t to ne w st a n d a r d s . Pa r t i c i p a t i o n in th e Si p e ' s Or c h a r d Ho m e fo r Bo y s , ne a r Co n o v e r , ha d to be te r m i n a t e d be c a u s e it s me t h o d of go v e r n a n c e di d no t fi t LC A po l i t y . Wh i l e no t re f l e c t i n g in an y wa y on th e Ho m e or it s qu a l i t y of ca r e , th e te r m i n a t i o n di d en d a re l a t i o n s h i p wh i c h ha d be e n fr i e n d l y an d su p p o r t i v e si n c e th e fo u n d i n g of th e ho m e in 19 4 5 . Th e ot h e r me a n s fo r sy n o d to he l p yo u n g pe o p l e ha d be e n th r o u g h th e Lu t h e r a n Ch i l d r e n ' s Ho m e in Sa l e m , Vi r g i n i a . Th a t re l a t i o n s h i p al s o ch a n g e d as se v e r a l si s t e r sy n o d s wi t h d r e w th e i r su p po r t in fa v o r of lo c a l ca r e fo r ch i l d r e n . By 19 7 6 a ne w pa t t e r n of co o p e r a t i o n de v e l o p e d in wh i c h No r t h Ca r o l i n a op e r a t e d it s ow n ph a s e of th e Ch i l d r e n ' s Ho m e pr o g r a m . Ci v i l ri g h t s be c a m e a ce n t r a l th e m e of th e 60 s, an d th e LC A ur g e d it s sy n o d s to in i t i a t e pr o g r a m s wh i c h wo u l d fo s t e r in t e r - r a c i a l un d e r s t a n d i n g . No r t h Ca r o l i n a pa r t i c i p a t e d in th i s ef f o r t by in tr o d u c i n g a wi d e pr o g r a m fo r "J u s t i c e an d So c i a l Ch a n g e . Th e pr o g r a m se t up se s s i o n s in wh i c h Wh i t e s an d Bl a c k s ex c h a n g e d vi e w s on a de e p e r le v e l th a n ha d be e n cu s t o m a r y wi t h in t e r - r a c i a l co m mi t t e e s an d pl a n n i n g me e t i n g s . Al t h o u g h co n t r o v e r s i a l at fi r s t , th e Ju s t i c e an d So c i a l Ch a n g e pr o g r a m s he l p e d to ov e r c o m e so m e ^\ S T o a v - ' st e r e o t y p e s an d fe a r s . A si g n i f i c a n t mi l e s t o n e wa s pa s s e d in 19 7 2 wh e n th e sy n o d re c e i v e d an in t e r - r a c i a l co n g r e g a t i o n or g a n i z e d in Gr e e n s b o r o . La t e r th e sy n o d jo i n e d ef f o r t s to pr o m o t e se l f - h e l p am o n g mi n o r i t y bu s i n e s s e s in th e st a t e . Th e st e p s in th e m s e l v e s se e m sm a l l , bu t th e i r sy m b o l i c va l u e wa s im m e n s e . Wi t h i n th e sp a c e of fi f t e e n ye a r s de e p l y he l d so c i a l va l u e s ha d be e n ch a n g e d , an d th e sy n o d ' s hi s t o r i c mi s s i o n wi t h Bl a c k s ha d be e n re s u m e d . Ot h e r co n t r o v e r s i a l so c i a l is s u e s fa c e d th e sy n o d du r i n g th e la t t e r ye a r s of th e Vi e t n a m wa r . Ev e r y ye a r a re s o l u t i o n on th e wa r , on In di a n af f a i r s , th e st a t u s of wo m e n or ca p i t a l pu n i s h m e n t wo u l d be pr e s e n t e d by a gr o u p of de l e g a t e s or by a co m m i t t e e . It is ch a r a c te r i s t i c of th e va r i e t y of op i n i o n pr e s e n t in th e sy n o d th a t th e re s o l u t i o n s in v a r i a b l y sp a r k e d he a t e d de b a t e . So m e we r e ta b l e d , so m e pa s s e d . Mo s t we r e he a v i l y am e n d e d , of t e n in a wa y th a t wo u l d co m pl e t e l y re v e r s e th e i r in t e n t i o n . A re s o l u t i o n ag a i n s t ca p i t a l pu n i s h me n t in 19 7 4 wa s fi n a l l y re p l a c e d by on e wh i c h op p o s e d on l y th e ma n da t o r y de a t h se n t e n c e fo r ce r t a i n cr i m e s . It is cl e a r , ho w e v e r , th a t so c i a l is s u e s ha d co m e to ha v e mu c h mo r e si g n i f i c a n c e fo r th e sy n o d , an d th a t Lu t h e r a n s co n s i d e r e d sy n o d i c a l gu i d a n c e to be im p o r t a n t in th e fo r m a t i o n of op i n i o n on qu e s t i o n s of cu r r e n t co n c e r n . In sp i t e of th e fa c t th a t th e r e we r e ma n y ch a n g e s to fa c e , th e sy n o d di d no t de s e r t it s tr a d i t i o n a l co m m i t m e n t s . Or i g i n a l l y fo u n d e d as an ai d in th e su p p o r t an d ce r t i f i c a t i o n of pa s t o r s , it co n t i n u e d to se e o pa s t o r a l su p p o r t as on e of it s ma j o r co n c e r n s . Pa s t o r a l co u n s e l i n g an d co n t i n u i n g ed u c a t i o n fo r pa s t o r s an d ot h e r pr o f e s s i o n a l le a d e r s we r e gi v e n in c r e a s i n g at t e n t i o n . In 19 6 8 th e sy n o d de c l a r e d th a t $5 , 6 0 0 sh o u l d be th e mi n i m u m sa l a r y fo r it s pa s t o r s , an d in su c c e e d i n g ye a r s th e mi n i m u m cl i m b e d to $9 , 0 0 0 by 19 7 7 . Fu n d s to as s i s t co n g r e g a t i o n s wh i c h co u l d no t re a c h th i s mi n i m u m be c a m e a pa r t of sy n o d ' s an n u a l bu d g e t . Pr e p a r a t i o n of cl e r g y al s o co n t i n u e d to be a pr i o r i t y it e m . Tw o ma j o r fu n d - r a i s i n g pr o g r a m s by So u t h e r n Se m i n a r y , on e in 19 5 9 fo r bu i l d i n g s an d an o t h e r in 19 7 3 fo r en d o w m e n t , re c e i v e d st r o n g su p p o r t in No r t h Ca r o l i n a . In fa c t , at t e m p t s to me e t it s ma n y re q u e s t s fr o m in st i t u t i o n s an d co m m i t t e e s le d th e sy n o d to ad o p t a po l i c y on fi n a n c i a l ca m p a i g n s th a t pe r m i t t e d on l y on e ap p e a l to co n g r e g a t i o n s on a sy n o d - wi d e ba s i s at on e ti m e , an d on l y on e su c h ge n e r a l ca m p a i g n ev e r y th r e e ye a r s . Of co u r s e , in d i v i d u a l co n t r i b u t i o n s we r e so l i c i t e d by al l in st i t u t i o n s at al l ti m e s , an d th i s pr a c t i c e wa s ex p r e s s l y pe r m i t t e d — in re s p o n s e to a qu e s t i o n fr o m Lu t h e r i d g e — wh e n th e ov e r - a l l ca m p a i g n po l i c y wa s ad o p t e d in 19 6 5 . In ad d i t i o n to co n c e r n fo r it s pa s t o r s , th e sy n o d co n t i n u e d st r o n g in su p p o r t of it s co l l e g e . In 19 5 7 Le n o i r - R h y n e be c a m e th e le g a l su c ce s s o r to No r t h Ca r o l i n a Co l l e g e , th u s of f i c i a l l y of f e r i n g th e co m pl e t i o n of a th i r t y - y e a r pr o c e s s of me r g i n g th e tw o ed u c a t i o n a l st r a n d s in No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n i s m . En t h u s i a s t i c su p p o r t fr o m th e sy n o d Re c e n t Pr e s i d e n t s of Le n o i r - R h y n e Co l l e g e Re v e r e n d Vo i g t R. Cr o m e r , 19 5 0 -1 9 6 8 • Dr . Ra y m o n d M. Be s t , 19 6 8 -1 9 7 6 ► I Dr . Al b e r t An d e r s o n , 19 7 7 Da v i e Co u n t y Pu d u c Li o r a r y Mo c k s v i l l e , NC KV - 1. 1 » - * \ •. v. <k A M —, re s u l t e d in su c c e s s f u l fu n d i n g ef f o r t s in 19 5 1 , 19 5 5 , 19 6 3 , an d 19 7 6 . S: Th e s e ap p e a l s , in ad d i t i o n to su b s t a n t i a l pr i v a t e gi f t s , ma d e po s s i b l e fl an ex t e n s i v e bu i l d i n g pr o g r a m an d a su b s t a n t i a l in c r e a s e in fa c u l t y || sa l a r i e s . By 19 6 5 th r e e ti m e s as ma n y st u d e n t s we r e ap p l y i n g as co u l d >1 be ac c e p t e d . Wh e n Dr . Cr o m e r re t i r e d in 19 6 8 he co u l d lo o k ba c k ov e r 1 ne a r l y tw e n t y ye a r s of gr o w t h in st u d e n t bo d y ; th e ad d i t i o n of el e v e n I: bu i l d i n g s an d th r e e ot h e r ma j o r co n s t r u c t i o n pr o j e c t s ; ne w ma j o r s in 1 sp e c i a l ed u c a t i o n fo r th e de a f , nu r s i n g , me d i c a l te c h n o l o g y , so c i o l o g y , an d ot h e r fi e l d s ; a la r g e r fa c u l t y ; an d a va s t l y in c r e a s e d en d o w m e n t . Un d e r hi s su c c e s s o r s , Dr . Ra y m o n d Ho s t an d Dr . Al b e r t An d e r s o n , ; Le n o i r - R h y n e ac h i e v e d ad d i t i o n a l fi n a n c i a l se c u r i t y th r o u g h st a t e tu i t i o n gr a n t s an d th r o u g h in c r e a s e d su p p o r t fr o m th e Hi c k o r y an d Ca t a w b a Va l l e y bu s i n e s s co m m u n i t y . A fo r m a l co v e n a n t wi t h th e sy n o d in 19 7 2 de m o n s t r a t e d th a t Le n o i r - R h y n e de s i r e d to co n t i n u e it s tr a d i t i o n as a pa r t n e r an d a re s o u r c e to th e sy n o d wi t h i n th e to t a l mi s s i o n of th e ch u r c h . Be y o n d th e tr a d i t i o n a l ro l e s wh i c h th e sy n o d ha d as s u m e d , a ne w ro l e of se r v i c e to Lu t h e r a n s in No r t h Ca r o l i n a be g a n to de v e l o p . Th e fi r s t pe r i o d in th e sy n o d ' s hi s t o r y ha d be e n ch a r a c t e r i z e d by th e ro l e of su p e r v i s o r ov e r th e cl e r g y an d th e i r re l a t i o n s h i p s wi t h co n g r e g a t i o n s . Th e n ha d co m e th e ad d i t i o n a l ro l e of sp o n s o r fo r pr o g r a m s th a t we r e to o la r g e fo r in d i v i d u a l co n g r e g a t i o n s . Th i s ph a s e of th e sy n o d ' s li f e — ha d se e n th e fo u n d i n g of a se m i n a r y , of tw o co l l e g e s , or p h a n ho m e s , a ^ ho m e fo r th e ag e d , an d th e es t a b l i s h i n g of an ac t i v e ho m e mi s s i o n > pr o g r a m . A th i r d ro l e , de m a n d e d by th e gr o w i n g nu m b e r of ca u s e s to be se r v e d , wa s th a t of fu n d - r a i s e r . On c e th e in s t i t u t i o n s an d mi s s i o n s ha d be e n es t a b l i s h e d , it se e m e d th a t th e sy n o d be c a m e pr i m a r i l y re s p o n s i b l e fo r wa y s to ke e p th e m go i n g . No w , in th e 60 ' s an d 70 ' s , a ne w ro l e em e r g e d . Co n g r e g a t i o n s lo o k e d to th e sy n o d fo r se r v i c e s an d re s o u r c e s wh i c h wo u l d as s i s t th e m in th e i r lo c a l mi n i s t r i e s . In hi s Pr e s i d e n t ' s Re p o r t to th e sy n o d in 19 6 8 , Dr . Wh i t t e c a r no t e d th a t mo s t of th e el e m e n t s of th e ch u r c h be y o n d th e lo c a l le v e l we r e tr y i n g "t o su g g e s t an d as s i s t th e co n g r e g a t i o n s . . . wi t h o u t in t e r f e r i n g wi t h th e i r ba s i c in t e g r i t y . Th i s mi s s i o n ca n be di s c e r n e d in a nu m b e r of ne w pr o j e c t s un d e r t a k e n by th e sy n o d si n c e 19 6 0 . Pe r h a p s th e mo s t am b i t i o u s pr o j e c t wa s th e ef f o r t to pr o v i d e be t te r ca r e fo r th e ag e d wi t h i n th e bo r d e r s of th e st a t e . Ea r l i e r th e sy n o d ha d sh a r e d in th e su p p o r t of th e Lo w m a n Ho m e fo r th e Ag e d an d ! He l p l e s s , ne a r Co l u m b i a in So u t h Ca r o l i n a . A su r v e y in 19 5 7 , ho w e v e r , di s c o v e r e d th a t th e Lo w m a n Ho m e wa s ca r i n g fo r on l y 19 No r t h Ca r o l i n i a n s , wi t h an o t h e r v 2 9 on th e wa i t i n g li s t , ou t of 24 7 pe r s o n s ov e r 65 wh o ne e d e d a pl a c e to li v e . Sy n o d ' s Ex e c u t i v e Bo a r d as k e d i th a t a pr o g r a m be fo r m u l a t e d , an d a Bo a r d of Tr u s t e e s fo r a Mi n i s t r y to th e Ag i n g an d He l p l e s s wa s el e c t e d . Th e Bo a r d de v i s e d a pl a n fo r se v e r a l lo c a l un i t s un d e r on e di r e c t o r . Sy n o d ap p r o v e d ar t i c l e s of in - | th i V i e Co u n t y t^ u D i i c Li D i p r > Mo c k s v i i l e , NC : co r p o r a t i o n fo r th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Lu t h e r a n Ho m e s , to g e t h e r wi t h au t h o r i z a t i o n to bo r r o w up to $1 5 0 , 0 0 0 fo r co n s t r u c t i o n of th e fi r s t un i t , wh i c h wa s to be at Hi c k o r y . Dr . J. L. No r r i s be c a m e th e fi r s t Di r e c t o r ; he wa s su c c e e d e d by th e Re v . Jo h n A. Pl e s s in 19 6 7 . Un d e r th e i r gu i d a n c e ad d i t i o n a l un i t s op e n e d in Al b e m a r l e an d Sa l i s b u r y . Fe d e r a l fu n d s he l p e d wi t h co n s t r u c t i o n an d op e r a t i o n , bu t th e sy n o d ra i s e d we l l ov e r tw o mi l l i o n do l l a r s fo r th e ca u s e . In ad d i t i o n , th e Re v . J. Wh i t e Id d i n g s wa s ca l l e d to se r v e as In s t i t u t i o n a l Ch a p l a i n in th e Du r h a m ar e a , th u s ex t e n d i n g th e sy n o d ' s mi n i s t r y to th e in f i r m be y o n d th e "h e a r t l a n d " of Lu t h e r a n st r e n g t h . In th e sp a c e of fi f t e e n ye a r s th e sy n o d su c c e s s f u l l y ad d e d a fu l l - s c a l e pr o g r a m of ma i n te n a n c e , vi s i t a t i o n , an d he a l t h ca r e fo r th e ag e d to it s al r e a d y - a m p l e mi n i s t r y . At th e sa m e ti m e th a t th e ag e d we r e re c e i v i n g mo r e at t e n t i o n , th e co n g r e g a t i o n s of sy n o d ha d th e i r in t e r e s t s me t in an o t h e r ar e a . Lu t h e r i d g e ha d de v e l o p e d in t o an ex c e l l e n t ye a r - r o u n d ca m p i n g fa c i l i t y , bu t co n g r e g a t i o n s as k e d fo r ot h e r lo c a t i o n s wh i c h wo u l d pe r mi t we e k e n d re t r e a t s or be a c h re c r e a t i o n op p o r t u n i t i e s . Th e sy n o d em p l o y e d a co n s u l t a n t in 19 6 6 , an d th r e e ye a r s la t e r si t e s at Ku r e Be a c h an d ne a r Sa n f o r d ha d be e n ac q u i r e d . Na t u r a l l y th e ne w lo c a t i o n s re q u i r e d de v e l o p m e n t an d su p e r v i s i o n . In 19 7 2 th e Re v . Da v i d Ca s t o r be c a m e Di r e c t o r of Ou t d o o r Mi n i s t r i e s wi t h a pa r t of hi s jo b to be th e ra i s i n g of ad d i t i o n a l fu n d s . Ba c k in 19 5 2 , th e to t a l ex pe n d i t u r e fo r ca m p i n g ha d be e n un d e r $2 8 , 0 0 0 al l of wh i c h we n t to Lu t h e r i d g e ; in 19 7 6 Lu t h e r i d g e wa s bu d g e t e d to re c e i v e ne a r l y tw i c e th a t fi g u r e , bu t ot h e r ca m p i n g pr o g r a m s of th e sy n o d we r e to re c e i v e ne a r l y $9 4 , 0 0 0 , or tw i c e th e am o u n t bu d g e t e d fo r Lu t h e r i d g e . Th u s , bo t h in ca s e of th e ag e d an d ca m p i n g , th e sy n o d de m o n s t r a t e d th a t it s ba s i c pr i o r i t y wa s se r v i c e to al l th e co n g r e g a t i o n s of sy n o d , ch i e f l y th r o u g h th e pr o v i s i o n of fa c i l i t i e s wh i c h wo u l d be lo c a l l y av a i l a b l e . Th e se r v i c e th e m e ma y al s o be se e n in a re s t r u c t u r i n g pr o c e s s wh i c h be g a n in 19 7 1 . In a mo v e to ma k e th e Ex e c u t i v e Bo a r d of Sy n o d mo r e re s p o n s i v e to lo c a l co n c e r n s , it s me m b e r s h i p wa s en l a r g e d to 18 , tw e l v e of wh o m ca m e fr o m sp e c i f i c di s t r i c t s . Co m m i t t e e wo r k wa s re a s s i g n e d , bo t h to pa r e do w n th e nu m b e r of co m m i t t e e s an d to pr o v i d e fu l l e r se r v i c e to co n g r e g a t i o n s . Th e Pr e s i d e n t ' s st a f f wa s in cr e a s e d to fo u r fu l l - t i m e po s i t i o n s wi t h no "n a m e d " fu n c t i o n s so th a t st a f f mi g h t be ut i l i z e d wh e r e ne e d e d . In 19 7 7 th e Ad m i n i s t r a t i v e As s i s t a n t s we r e Dr . Er n e s t Mi s e n h e i m e r , th e Re v . Te r r y Ag n e r , th e Re v . Da v i d Ma r t i n , an d th e Re v . Ri c h a r d Rh y n e . Th e r e wa s mu c h ye t to do . A su r v e y ta k e n in 19 7 4 sh o w e d th a t si x t e e n of th e to p th i r t y ta s k s of th e sy n o d re l a t e d to ca r e of co n g r e g a t i o n s . Th e ti m e of se r v i c e wa s no t ov e r . In it s 17 5 ye a r s of ex i s t e n c e th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d ha d gr o w n fr o m fo u r pa s t o r s an d 14 co n g r e g a t i o n s to ov e r 28 0 cl e r g y an d 20 9 dw u f t C H S S - H\ S T 0 ^ ^ - mM i :^ t V i i Ki » m^ n i In t e r i o r of St . Ma r k ' s Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h , Ch a r l o t t e co n g r e g a t i o n s , It s an n u a l fi n a n c i a l pr o g r a m in c r e a s e d fr o m a fr e e - w i l l of f e r i n g in 18 0 3 to $2 , 1 5 8 , 9 1 1 in 19 7 7 . Mi n u t e s of it s 19 7 7 an n u a l co n ve n t i o n fi l l e d 83 3 pa g e s . Th i s gr o w t h wa s no t au t o m a t i c , no r wa s it co n t i n u o u s . Th e sy n o d ex i s t e d on l y by fu l f i l l i n g ta s k s th a t co n g r e g a t i o n s co u l d no t pe r f o r m fo r th e m s e l v e s . In th e ea r l i e s t da y s th e sy n o d ' s ch i e f re s p o n s i b i l i t y ha d be e n th e pr o v i s i o n of an ad e q u a t e su p p l y of pr o p e r l y pr e p a r e d mi n i s t e r s . La t e r , it s fu n c t i o n s ex p a n d e d to in c l u d e th e su p p o r t of pr o j e c t s , li k e co l l e g e s an d fo r e i g n mi s s i o n s , wh i c h we r e to o la r g e fo r a co n g r e g a t i o n to ha n d l e al o n e . Fi n a l l y , th e sy n o d ca m e to be a re s o u r c e to wh i c h co n g r e g a t i o n s an d mi n i s t e r s co u l d lo o k fo r ad v i c e , gu i d a n c e , ex p e r t i s e , cr e a t i v e id e a s , an d co o r di n a t i o n of ef f o r t . No do u b t ot h e r ro l e s an d re s p o n s i b i l i t i e s aw a i t it . Bl e s s e d wi t h de d i c a t e d me m b e r s , ca p a b l e le a d e r s , an d a tr a d i t i o n of ac c o m p l i s h m e n t , th e No r t h Ca r o l i n a Sy n o d ma y an t i c i p a t e a fu t u r e of wi d e r mi n i s t r y in th e se r v i c e of Je s u s Ch r i s t . ij e w i e co u n i y u Wo c K 5 v i \ \ e , ^